Western Nations Trade and Exchange in the 18th Century an Example of the Topic History Essays by

Western Nations Trade and Exchange in the 18th Century What was the role of the trade and exchange in the western nations in the 18th century? Trade resulted as a result of the communication that started to take shape in the prehistoric times. In the past it included exchange of goods and services or exchange of goods for services. In the 18th century trade or commerce was the backbone of many western nations. Other words they much valued trade as it earned them a lot of money. Curtin strongly believed that trade and exchange represented the key external stimuli to development. This is what in a nutshell this essay is all about. Need essay sample on "Western Nations Trade and Exchange in the 18th Century" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed During the 18th century, the key economic principles of Western nations were government expenditure and revenues, agricultural production and the foreign trade. In Western Europe at this period, it was believed that the welfare of all people would be taken care of if all nations embraced the policy of free trade as opposed to the military expeditions. As Maynard Keynes once put it, the individuals welfare is more important than that of the nation. The free economy to him meant that the majority would be the decision makers as opposed to the government. It was believed that if people were allowed to budget on their revenues, job opportunities and on what to use or save than, then the quality of life would be uplifted. According to Adam Smith in his book the wealth of nations, the government was supposed to regulate the free trade economy by ensuring that the operation mechanisms were in place and were followed to the letter. These were things such as monopoly regulation and enforcement of business contract. Before the 18th century the Britains economy was largely dependent on agriculture and military aggressions but it slowly evolved into an urbanized and industrial economy in the 18th century and in the next centuries. (Jan de Vries, 1976; 52-78) The industrial economy that took place in Britain in the 18th century involved exchange of goods and services. People started relying on trade unlike before when they relied on agriculture economy. Trade and exchange made people to reassess their social obligations as well as their family structures. In the past, most families relied on the rural economy but in 18th century they abandoned this strategy and embarked on a capitalist and urban economy. This involved terms and contracts, markets, trade, currencies and bills of exchange. The prosperity that the Western nations achieved due to this trade set a stage for transforming these nations from urban economy to capitalism. The urban economy started as a simple exchange of stock, keeping shops or in short what can be referred to as the exchange of material culture and then into a fully-fledged industrial economy. The western world started to value trade when they realized that it was the only source of money that was used to finance all its military operations. According to (Curtin P., 1984; 25-85) military conquest proved itself not to be enough and for this reason he believed that the role that trade and exchange would play in transforming the history of mankind would be very crucial as it is the only external stimuli that can bring change in our societies. He believes that external stimulation is the single most important as far as change and development in various fields such as art, technology and science are concerned. Inoder to traditionally integrate the income that can be used to cater for social welfare can be obtained, (Marianna B. 2005) a nation like Britain looked for overseas colonies where they could establish their business and exploit the local market of these colonies that were yet untapped. The basic approach to the international trade depends on the expected benefits either in terms of growth or welfare improvement. Economic gains increased whenever nations pursue cross-border commerce took place. This is because whenever you offer something new in the market and this makes people curious to try it out. This is what western nations believed in trade and trade as they discovered that military operations in search of wealth was costing them very much than what they anticipated. They started focusing more on the trade and exchange. The Britains economy thus stretched to each and every corner of the continent except in Antarctica. Its rapidly growing market economy earned Britain enormous benefits that led to the development of manufacturing and industrial economy. Another reason that perhaps led Britain to go overseas in search of market for its products was the fact that mercantilism had well established itself properly in this country something that made other nations to start thinking of the same. They realized the local industries would only achieve that by protecting the local industries by taxing and other duties. This made this commerce unprofitable and they had to look for alternatives. From then henceforth, every time it conquered an oversea territory, it monopolized it with its products and a classic example of this is the North America where half of the British products were exported. (Blanning T. 2000; 291-303) The policy of trade and exchange as a stimulus to change was evident and successful in the Ottoman Empire. Here this government regulated the international trade by giving some states the trading rights. He allowed some states to conduct trading activities and while he restricted some. This ensured that there was continuous inflow of such products that his empire would not provide for the people. Nations that had very weak external stimuli remained poor while others that had strong stimuli became rich and dominant. (Hancock D.1995; 123) This research has come to the conclusion that trade and exchange are the external stimuli to change. Many western nations realized this long before and that is why they were more prosperous than others as in the past they only relied on military operations. These western nations that are prosperous started. While pursuing international affairs, these nations they were well aware of the importance of protecting their own industries back at home. This is why a country like Britain introduced what was called Corn Laws that were made to protect the agricultural market at home. That is why if any country wants to prosper, then it should extend its business hands to various parts like the way European nations were doing in the 18th century. References: Curtin P. D. Cross Cultural Trade in World History. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1984; 25-85. Marianna B. Cross Cultural Trade and Internal Institutional Stability. Hancock D. Citizens of the World: London Merchants and Integration of the British _ Atlantic Community. 1735-1785. New York: Cambridge University Press. 1995: 123. Blanning T. Eighteen Century: Europe 1688-1815. Oxford University Press, 2000: 291- 303 Jan de Vries. The economy of Europe in an Age of Crisis, 1600-1750. New York: Cambridge University Press. 1976: 52-78.

The Longwall Method of Coal Getting Essays

The Longwall Method of Coal Getting Essays The Longwall Method of Coal Getting Essay The Longwall Method of Coal Getting Essay The article discusses about the sociological and psychological structure within a mechanistic system: a coalmine. Its divided into sections that relate to various issues concerning mainly the humanistic development within a contained social structure and how it interrelates with a larger scale mass organisation. In coal mines, the workers are interdependent for any part of the process needed to extract the coal meaning that each individuals job was strictly dependant on the job which previously needed to be done in order to carry out the process. Generally speaking, the work consists of a primary work-group that is then divided into the individual or pair, depending on the job. A vast distinction exists between the two phases of the structure: before mechanisation and after. Pre-mechanised structure mainly consisted in craftsmanship and was treated as such. Mechanised structures are similar to the nowadays assembly lines in which specific jobs are strictly assigned in order to minimize the costs on labour and maximise output. This article expresses views on both structures and how social and psychological characteristic differences in both interrelate with the output produced within the structure. As noted above, this organisational structure can be divided into two structures, one of which is the succession of the other. The first one is the pre-mechanised structure, better known as hand got mining. In this structure, the workers have full autonomy on their choices of work. This includes also the choice of workmanship that creates an ideal environment for everyone. The individuals are able to carry out different jobs in a rotational succession that eases the stress caused by a strict single job. Their autonomy clarifies the fact that there is no superior control, even given by the fact that supervision is virtually impossible in the mining area. The relationship between the workers expanded also externally form their job site; they were supportive in every way towards family members of their co-workers. Generally speaking this structure produced an ideal social structure that influenced positively their interaction with work. This was mainly induced by the fact that even under good conditions, the amount of work is adjusted depending on the individual. The disadvantages of this structure that the article argues about is the fact that psychologically, the small craftsmen have difficulties in adapting to larger scale structures, which leads us to the mechanised structures. The longwall structure can be best compared with an assembly line similarly practiced in car manufacturing. The process is broken down in a rigid succession of events that is precisely interrelated. This meaning that a cut on one single mechanised job would stop the whole process. This structure includes fewer workers, which decreases the cost in labour. Whenever a large job needs to be carried out, larger groups interact with individuals or pairs. This type of structure can also be compared to the Tayloristic theory that divides labour into specific and mono-skilled tasks. A deputy who however does not have the ability to supervise the workers manages the group; this ultimately sparks sociological and psychological problems. Although being a better structure production-wise, the structure encounters a series of problems that affect the whole environment. The workers who previously were involved with hand got mining have difficulties in adapting to a large-scale structure. This is due to the fact that the size in which a structure exists compromises tensions of small scale. Wages are not evenly distributed. Most workers are paid by cubic meters or by yard, which creates a tension between the workers given the fact that an individual is strictly dependent on the previous individual in the process line. This is also aggravated by existing bad conditions that can be also provoked by the anxieties of the latter. The deputy, responsible for the processes, accumulates tension. The manager and the workers create hostility between each other since both dont support each other given that their goals are very different. According to the article, the work environment needs to associate two distinct factors together. First of all, the production cycle and secondly, the interferences that are brought out from the first mentioned within the social structure as well as the straight hierarchical structure. The association is vital in order to create production efficiency, and according to the author, it can be gained only with years of experience. I believe that the facts explained in the article are a reality as a particular social environment difficultly finds ease in catapulting itself in a new larger environment, and this is true for everything. Mainly, I also believe that the article also deals with the fact that there is no best way to organise a structure. Many factors depend on it. In this case, theoretically, a combination of the two structures would bring about to maximum output and perfect working conditions.

How I Get the Best Out of FundsforWriters Newsletter

How I Get the Best Out of FundsforWriters Newsletter Hopes FFW is a great newsletter and completely deserves its reputation as a great resource for writers. The newsletter is one of a handful. In every edition there is at least one publication I think â€Å"I like the sound of that – Ill send them an LOI or a pitch!† But theres a problem, a catch-22 if you like: Hopes newsletter is way too popular! When I first subscribed to FFW as soon as Id read it I would start researching the publications – check out their style, recent articles etc. But my pitches usually bombed even though I had a really good rate of acceptance from other publications Id researched. The penny dropped when I noticed one publication Id just read about in FFW had closed their doors for submission due to a sudden increase in pitches before I got further than the research. Of course! We were all pitching the same editors at the same time. As soon as I clicked on to this, I changed my approach not just with FFW but with all the newsletters I receive which list magazine submission details. Suddenly my rate of success with these editors vastly improved. I use a staggered approach now. Heres what I do: 1) I read FFW as soon as it appears in my inbox but only for the Editors Thoughts and the Featured Article. Its always good to get new ideas and encouragement. 2) I look at time-sensitive notices like competitions. I admit these are low priority for me as Im too busy with non-fiction work to do much story writing. I also ignore grants because not many of them apply to the UK where I live. 3) This is the important bit: I file FFW newsletter in a special email folder and ignore it for about six months. That way, if theres a flurry of pitches from eager writers, I miss the crush. These publications have usually been around for a while, so theres no rush! I have a stack of about two years of FFWs and other newsletters ready to use now. 4) I then pick an FFW from the back catalog and choose publications to pitch. The choice can be random – might be from six months earlier, or four months, or even a year. It really doesnt matter as long as its old. Its almost stupidly simple but what a difference this has made to the acceptances Ive seen! Now I have a level playing field to pitch to rather than trying to shout to be heard after the sudden interest has died down. Ive found that if youre good enough you wont miss the boat. As long as the publications keep running, theyll always need new articles. For instance, just recently I pitched a piece to Little India – the largest overseas Indian magazine in the world which Hope wrote about at the end of May last year. Despite being a big publication, I heard back from them within 24 hours accepting my pitch and the article was published in April this year. Im quite certain that had I pitched the editor back in May I probably wouldnt have heard from him at all. Sometimes, it seems, the last shall be first.

Carbon Dioxide Emissions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Carbon Dioxide Emissions - Essay Example The average World Carbon Dioxide Emissions were 4.53 metric tones/capita in 2005. United States of America ranked first then with average emissions of 19.54 metric tones/capita followed by Canada, Russia and UK. Developing countries like India and China lagged at the tail end then. The Fourth Assessment Report of Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change concluded among other things that "warming of the climate system is unequivocal" and that "anthropogenic warming over the last three decades has likely had discernible influence at the global scale on observed changes in many physical and biological systems." The report also stated that human activities have significant impact on climate change. The Gross Domestic Product is one of the primary indicators calculated to assess the health of a country's economy. It representsthe total dollar value of all goods and services produced over a specific time period. According to the Environment Kuznets hypothesis, environmental pressure increases faster than the income in the early stages of development and slows down relative to GDP growth as higher income levels are reached. The EKC proposes that indicators of environmental degradation first rise, and then fall with increasing income per capita. There are views supporting and criticizing this theory. ... According to the Environment Kuznets hypothesis, environmental pressure increases faster than the income in the early stages of development and slows down relative to GDP growth as higher income levels are reached. The EKC proposes that indicators of environmental degradation first rise, and then fall with increasing income per capita. Environmental Kuznets Curve : Different Scenarios Source: Reference 1 There are views supporting and criticizing this theory. Those views supporting it emphasize that the curve exists though its becoming smaller in nature and shifting to the left(revised EKC) whereas those criticizing it argue that even if certain pollutants are reduced as income increases, industrial society continuously creates new, unregulated and potentially toxic pollutants. In their the curve will rise to a horizontal line at maximum existing pollution levels, as globalization promotes a "race to the bottom" in environmental standards, as shown in Figure In their view, the overall environmental risks from these new pollutants may continue to grow even if some sources of pollution are reduced, as shown by the "new toxics" line in the above figure. The relationship between economic growth and environmental quality has been a source of great controversy for a very long time. Multiple factors contribute to this. The complex nature of GDP calculation, data on environmental quality are patchy themselves and also that though the per capita capability to pay for clean technology increases, it does not necessarily imply a proportionate increase in the willingness to pay. This report makes an attempt to verify the Environmental Kuznets hypothesis while establishing a relation between additional variables like the energy

Hospitality Management Industries Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 3

Hospitality Management Industries - Essay Example The owners of these multi- ethnic restaurants employ restaurant concept known as â€Å"The Whole World on a Plate† concept to run and manage their businesses. This paper, therefore, describes the various components of â€Å"The whole world on a plate† concept, and how it resonates with my personality. â€Å"The whole world on a plate† concept provides a strategy of pilling flavors from different ethnic communities onto a single plate (Enz 67). While many Americans still seek spicy food, it is a fact that the American cuisine taste has been significantly influenced by Old European cuisines like Greek, German, French and Scandinavian (Enz 67). This has led to greater popularity and recognition of many ethnic foods, in most American societies. About 75 percent of Americans is familiar with Indian soul food, Spanish cuisines, Chinese cuisines, French Creole, and German Cajun, amongst other ethnic dishes. The evolving taste of Americans has created a demand for mixed flavors onto a single dish. In this case, different ethnic dish are carefully mixed, in small potions, and served as a single dish. A bite of tarragon mayonnaise, carrot kimchee, and a sandwich of chipotle pork chop burnt with sugar glaze, from these restaurants, leaves a flavor of nixed tastes (Enz 74). Some of th e dishes served in these restaurants include Berry pies from England, rice pudding from Germany, pasta salad from New York, and Russian apple pie (Enz 73). â€Å"The whole world on a plate† concept is mostly applicable for running Casual Restaurants. This is because the mode of serving is casual and the dishes served are cheap. However, buffet style services are deliverable upon request (Enz 116). Casual restaurants cater for both clientele, who dine at the up market, and those who are regulars at the fast food joints. This positions restaurants serving ethnic dishes between fast food joints and up market restaurants. The

Skin and Hair Follicle Essay Example for Free

Skin and Hair Follicle Essay Chemicaally joining two or more atoms forms a Molecule 2. A fuluncle is a localized bacterial infection that produces constant pain of hair Hair follicle 3. Two halves of a styles form a mirror image of one another Symmetical balance 4. Coarse, medium, or fine is classified as Hair texture 5. Hair and nails are an appendage of the skin and are part of what body system Integumenaty system 6. Round shaped pathogenic bacteria that appear singly Cocci 7. The skin that lies beneath the free edge of the nail plate Hyponychium 8. What is the study of small living things, microorganisms Microbiology 9. In basic massage, practitioner should avoid Drain lymph technique 10. Which muscle do you use the most to move hand and fingers Forearms 11. A 90 degree angle haircut will give client Layer 12. To offset a long neck in hair shapping it advisable Leave the hair full at the neck 13. To have a complete full curl, need to roll the rod at least 2 and half rounds 14. To minimize wide set eyes and make them look closer Extend the eyebrow line inside the corner of the eyes 15. What is the ingredient in permanent wave Ammonium thioglycolate 16. Practitioner should wear what type of shoes to avoid hurting Low heels shoes 7. It is best to give treatment before Shampoo 18. Lipstick should applied with Cotton pledged 19. Temporarily hair removing Depilatories 20. When tweezing eyebrow, it should be Fast and follow it grown direction 21. There is a dark area on hair that has been prelighten Lighten the dark area only 22. The guidelines and controls for infection published by the ce mter for disease Universal precaution 23. What color neutralize red Green 24. Which pattern should use in pin curl to avoid split facial hairline Triangle 25. Which skin layer has blood vessels Dermis 26. Which bacteria is known as non-pathogenic Saprophytes 27. All disinfectant must be approved by EPA 28. To avoid overlapping in a tin retouch color the new growth of hair 1/16 inches 29. What subsection for lighter 1/8 30. What guideline is for Establish length 31. Slithering is Cutting hair with thinning shear 32. What is the characteristic of metal brush Transfer and retain heat 33. In permanent wave avoid excessive Ringing 34. To offset a square jaw Direction hair straight to jaw line 35. Chemical relaxer is also called Sodium hydroxide 36. When there is a red boil with redness on the skin it is considered Bacterial infection 37. Which part of the hair follicle help generate hair growth Papilla 8. Combination of finger waving and pin curl is Skip wave 39. The chemical that seal the cuticle to provide lubrication and protection to hair is Sillicones 40. Bacteria are not harmed by disinfectant is Spore-forming stage 41. Draping cape should be coverd over the shampoo chair to prevent Water dripping down to the neck 42. The pin curl that has the least mobility No stem 43. What is the protective covering the body surface Epithelial tissue 44. A wig for men used to coverd the top and crown of the head is Toupee 45. How do you mix the nail polish Roll the bottle between the palm 46. What is the cool primary color Blue 47. Ability of body to destroy invasive agents to enter the body Immunity 48. Moist heat is used for Sterilization 49. The process which cells is produced Mitosis 50. The method of hair extensions required heat from a special tool The fusion bonding 51. Fungus on artificial nail is caused by Water gets in artificial nail 52. Hangnails maybe treated by softening the cuticle with Hot oil 53. What water is allowed shampoo to lather freely on hair Soft water 54. Skill in finger waving is important because The foundation of styling 55. PH in acid-balanced shampoo is Between 4. 5 and 5. 5 56. What is the benefit of scalp massage Increase blood circulation 57. What are substances used to neutralize acids or raised the pH Alkanolamines 58. When doing a facial practitioner should drape the client from Chest down 59. Through light what type of hair is most transparent Straight hair fine hair thining hair 60. When cutting hair if the client chair is too low, practitioner will get Shoulder pain 61. Best thing to do if practitioner noticed an infectious disease on client Prefer to a physician 62. How many nerves are in the arms and wrist?

Computer-Based Training :: Work Job Technology Essays

Computer-Based Training Definition and Descriptions of Computer-Based Training Workers, new or experienced, are constantly needing some kind of education or a new way of doing something in their system. The training usually needs to be done at a convenient time, and in a cost effective and timely manner. This is where computer-based training comes into play. Computer-based training or CBT has been described as a "method that supports and strengthens adult learning†¦ that fosters flexible, self-directed learning techniques" (Sandler, 1998). While working at their own pace, the learners can experience the progress that they are making, while answering the questions at attention level that is suitable to learn the material (Lawson, 1999). Lawson (1999) describes CBT training as the computer is "the trainer" that uses multimedia such as text, video, audio, graphics, and animation. In fact, the computer is said to be the main "powerful and effective tool†¦that can be used, as learning reinforces", and that is used in the CBT world (Blankenhorn, 1999). At this point, the computer, as the technology, and training go synonymously together. Also, both the methods with the computer hardware and software are constantly changing (Forster, 1998). Lawson (1999) also mentions that the CBT can provide different kinds of training for various jobs. People from marketing and sales to manufactures and industrial workers are using CBTs (Sandler, 1998). With CBT, a person in a job, that is offering the CBT training, can do the training when he or she has the time without causing a problem for the company or themselves (Couret, 1999). Computer-based training can be characterized as an information "training system that incorporates a needs assessment on the students, lesson objectives and plans, development of the program, and evaluation and feedback" (Janicak, 1999). These features will be discussed further. CBT has been compared to the traditional approach of training, and there are many features and processes that are different, which will both be discussed. Also, the concerns and positive effects of CBT will be explained. Comparisons of Computer-Based Training and Traditional Training CBT and classroom or traditional training methods are the two main types of training that is compared in most of the literature. Recently studies have shown that CBT is as effective, if not more effective than traditional training. Traditional training can also be called live instruction (Blankenhorn, 1999).

A visit to Seri Kasih Orphanage Home Essay

The first week of the last school holidays was a memorable and meaningful moments for the members of the English Language  Society of SMK Kampung Laut.The society has organized a special trip to Seri Kasih Orphanage Home on May 31st the first day of school holidays at Kampung Delima,Batu 8, Pasir Putih.There were a total of 75 students involved of whom 40 of are male students of form four and five while 35 female students comprising mainly of form 3 and 4 students.There were 4 accompanying teachers,Sir Rosdi,teacheradvisor of SMK Kampung Laut English Language Society,Teacher Madihah,our senior science teacher,Puan Marini,our Bahasa Melayu teacher and finally Mr Kim Lian Hing,our Physical Education  teacher.We started our 45 minutes journey with two special chartered buses sponsored by Dato’ Hj Karim,the chairman of PIBG of SMK Kampung Laut.We reached the orphanage home about 9.15 a.m.  We were greeted by the matron,Puan Seri Hajjah Maimunah and her delegations.The cheerful and estatic feelings of the orphans really touched our hearts.Puan Seri started with a welcoming speech.All eyes were on her and many wiped their tears at the end of her speech when many tragic stories of the orphans were revealed. We could see that there were a strong unity among the 95 orphans and they were really superb on their manners and etiquettes.We just loved the ways they behaved and lived within their circles.Sir Rosdi reciprocated with a short but very meaningful speech and then presented the cheque of RM1000 donated by the students of SMK Kampung Laut. The  morning activities started with a gotong royong project viz cleaning-up of surau and the main hall. The students were made up of 15 groups of 5 students each while some senior orphans were also lending their hands.Then the outdoor programme followed with telematches held for the female students while the male had a friendly volleyball matches. We had a short break at around 11.30a.m and later served with a light  refreshment.  The next programmae started when all the students and the orphans were requested to assemble at Seri Kasih main hall for the talentime show.We were entertained by the hidden talents of the orphans particularly on the group singing of nashid and coral speaking. Some of our students also joined the talent show by presenting some classical and  malay traditional songs aided by 3 plus one music. Then we had our lunch and dzohor prayer at around 1.30 p.m.We were served with very sumptuous and appetizing ikan bakar and beryani rice. Our next programme started at around 2.30 p.m with one hour tuition sessions where our form 4 and 5 students willingly broke up into small groups assisting the form 3 orphans mainly on Mathematics and English subjects. Then our own form 3 students were together with form 1 and 2 orphans discussing on some school works and  assignments.It was indeed a short but very helpful sessions.Most of the orphans were very hardworking and dedicated students.Some of them topped the classes and had flying colours results.  Our last programme was photograpy and souvenirs sessions.We brought beautiful souvenirs and presented to each and every orphans.   They were beaming with joy and many had agreed to treat our senior students as adopted brothers and sisters.Besides we also presented large hampers which consisted of chocolates,biscuits, nuts and fresh fruits.The matron,Puan Seri Hajjah Maimunah  presented her closing speech and invited all of us to come back next year for another great programmes.We left Seri Kasih Orphanage Home at about 4 p.m.Many of us had cherished the good memories and glad that we had performed our social responsibility with the residents of Seri Kasih Orphanage Home.We would certainly love to come back next year with many great programmes in hand.

A Simulation Of Sustainability In Urban Environments Environmental Sciences Essay

In 1987 the World Commission on Environment and Development, ( WCED 1987 ) stated that â€Å" Humanity has the ability to do development sustainable to guarantee that it meets the demands of the present without compromising the ability of future coevalss to run into their ain demands † . There Out of the many definitions of sustainability this profound statement has become the most widely accepted. It is what these demands are, how we impact upon them and how out impact can be measured or assessed that raises the most argument. ( Parkin et al. 2003 ) Sustainability is frequently symbolised utilizing three over lapping circles ( fig 1 ) , stand foring the three facets of sustainability ( society, economic system and environment ) . However this simple diagram over simplifies the complex interactions which occur between the facets and the big figure of indexs which are used to mensurate our impact. Unless these complex interactions are clearly understood by all the stakeholders it would be impossible to to the full measure the sustainability of any development ( Foxon et al. 2002 ) . A figure of determination support tools have been created to help determination shapers in accomplishing sustainable urban developments. There has been immense attempt and resources put into making DSTs, yet despite this most are seldom used due to either the complexness of their operation or the complexness of their end product ( Isaacs et al. 2007 ) . It is hence believed that there is a demand for new determination support tools that can cover with the complexness of urban design and which go beyond the proficient orientation of old tools ( Sahota & A ; Jeffery 2005 ) to enable a robust appraisal of sustainability within the decision-making procedures. Visual image has been used to help determination devising in a figure of Fieldss including increasing the safety and effectivity of oil boring in the oil and gas industry ( Evans et al. 2002 ) , visualizing medical informations ( Fuchs et al. 1989 ) and battlefield simulations ( Hix et al. 1999 ) . Geographic Information systems are presently the most extensively used visual image platform for determination devising. â€Å" GIS is now a standard point in contrivers ‘ tool kits † ( Drummond & A ; Gallic 2008 ) and there are many illustrations its usage in urban planning and determination devising over the last 20 old ages ( Harris & A ; Elmes 1993 ; Stevens et Al. 2007 ; States 2000 ; Shiffer 1998 ; Lodha & A ; Verma 2000 ) . Traditionally GIS provides the user with a synergistic information researching interface which allows them to cover a figure of different maps onto a 2D surface and allows the user to carry on complex geospatial analysis ( Salter et al. 2009 ) . Howe ver it has been shown ( Lowe 2004 ; Lowe 2003 ) that many non-expert stakeholders have great trouble in decoding and understanding scientific shows and maps. Due to its complexness and high acquisition curve GIS requires the user â€Å" to believe like a geographic information scientist † ( Clarke 2001 ) and is still considered to be a hard to utilize, adept tool ( Traynor & A ; Williams 1995 ) . Its usage in determination devising has made it hard for non expert stakeholders, particularly the general populace, to take part to the full in be aftering determinations ( Salter et al. 2009 ; Al-Kodmany 2002 ) . Most GIS systems are purely 2D, covering with geospatial informations being draped over a map or other geographical representation. While experts can imagine the ocular impact of a proposed development from this program view it is really hard for person non trained in the usage of GIS to make this. This can take to non-expert stakeholder non to the full understanding the effects of the determinations being made and go forth them with an unintended positive or negative position of the planned development ( Danahy et al. 1999 ) . 3D representations nevertheless allow users to rapidly recognize the spacial context of the determination and besides to orientate their position of the proposed development ( Danahy et al. 1999 ) . Peoples develop the ability to voyage and visually process 3D representations of urban environments on a bomber witting degree throughout their lives as they walk through existent universe metropoliss ( Charters et al. 2002 ) . This sub witting ability means that t he user will non hold to work to visualize the development but can concentrate on the determination, and the effects of the determination, being made. SCITY VT S-City VT ( sustainable metropolis visual image tool ) is a paradigm determination support application that is designed to let a wider scope of stakeholders input into the sustainability planning procedure by leting the stakeholders to compare different scenarios utilizing a usage designed simulation and visual image engine. Figure 1: Visual image techniques used in S-City VT The visual image engine utilises a split screen rendering attack which allows the user, utilizing any of the techniques, to compare two scenarios side by side throughout the life rhythm of the development. A figure of visual image techniques have been used to expose the consequences of the implicit in simulation engine which allows the user to non merely compare the external visual aspect of the different scenarios but besides the comparative sustainability of each scenario. As already discussed traditional GIS does non supply a realistic physical representation of the metropolis or development being studied. CAD system do enable the creative activity of 3D theoretical accounts which provide the user with a realistic representation of the edifices and the developments ( Al-Kodmany 2002 ) , nevertheless CAD systems provide no ability to cover extra informations and supply small context out with the edifice or country being studied. The visual image engine combines GIS and 3D urban theoretical accounts and embeds the 3D theoretical accounts in the environing landscape to contextualise the urban country that is undergoing sustainability appraisal. The ability to visualize portion of the metropolis that is undergoing the development or regeneration within the wider metropolis context is likely to better battle with the communicating tool and convey a greater degree of engagement from all participants in the planning procedure ( Levy 1995 ) Fig 4: 3D representation of proposed development within the city-wide context. The usage engine allows the user to hold synergistic control enabling the user to see the proposed development from any imaginable point of view. This allows the user to go to the full immersed in the proposed development, to a much greater grade than 2D programs, GIS, or rendered 3D stills. As has already been shown ( Isaacs et al. 2010a ) S City VT provides the user with a feasible representation of the existent development. Design to Virtual RealityBlendingFig 5: Overview of the index blending technique The blending technique, as shown in figure 5, merely takes the all the sustainability steps for each index, calculated by the bomber system and ANP theoretical accounts, unite them into a individual value. This valued is so mapped to a individual coloring material graduated table. The coloring material graduated table used can be selected from a figure of color graduated tables known for their discriminating abilities ( Levkowitz & A ; Herman 1992 ) these include the het object, magenta, local optimised, and spectral. Using the hot-cold graduated table demonstrated in figure 5 a edifice or floor with high comparative sustainability would look blue while a edifice with low sustainability would look ruddy. This method gives a individual index of sustainability and provides the easiest manner of comparing the comparative sustainability of different options or scenarios.WeavingFig 6: Overview of the index weaving technique Whilst the blending technique, combines the index values, the weaving technique ( figure 6 ) efforts to continue some of the implicit in information so that the user can still place which indexs or bunch are doing the greatest consequence ( negative or positive ) on the sustainability of the edifice. The coloring material weaving technique ( Hagh-Shenas et al. 2007 ) uses a different coloring material graduated table for each index ( figure 6 ) to try to continue this information. The colors from each graduated table are so indiscriminately weaved into a hodgepodge like texture which is applied to each floor of the edifice. The size of the squares or spots in the weave can besides be changed depending on the user ‘s penchants. A little spot size will give an overall representation of the sustainability, with darker sunglassess stand foring low sustainability and lighter sunglassess stand foring higher sustainability. A larger spot size will let user to place rapidly which colou rs stand out the most, and hence which indexs are holding the greatest impact.Traditional Graphical TechniquesRadar graphs, figure 7, let the stakeholder to compare the sustainability of different edifices based on the index values. The form, size, coloring material and point values will be different for each edifice leting a elaborate comparing. Fig7: Comparision of scenarios utilizing traditional radio detection and ranging graphs and coloring material weaving. Parallel coordinates allow the user to compare all index values for all the edifices in a scenario ( fihure 8 ) . Buildings can be selected and their hint in the graph is highlighted. The colors in the graph correspond to those in the blending technique. Fig 8: Parallel co-ordinate graph for sample development. Simple temporal graphs secret plan the all the index values over the life clip of the development. These allow the user to place the interconnectivity of the indexs and to place where and why sudden alterations occur ( figure 9 ) . Fig 9: Index graph demoing alterations in 6 indexs over clip.Real Time SimulationThe index patterning involves developing bomber theoretical accounts that define how each of the indexs vary over infinite and clip. The S-City VT application is built utilizing a modular model supplying flexibleness and leting index theoretical accounts to be changed. For the paradigm application six sustainability index theoretical accounts ( credence, lodging proviso, energy efficiency, noise pollution, employment and economic benefit ) have been developed four of which are described below:Energy EfficiencyThe energy efficiency theoretical account is based on the Nation Calculation Method ( NCM ) which is the industry criterion leting energy efficiency of edifices to be determined ( BRE 2009 ) . The NCM method takes into history a broad scope of factors, including figure of room accesss, Windowss glazing type, exterior building, figure of floors etc, to bring forth a metric depicting the energy effici ency the edifice. A NCM study was developed utilizing the NCM tool, stand foring the typical edifices in the development for a figure of different options including external visual aspect and different mixes of edifice usage. Fig2: Graph demoing temporal alterations in sustainability index due monthly energy fluctuations. This information is input to the energy efficiency theoretical account and attenuated with the temporal energy ingestion informations ( BIS 2009 ) which reflects how the energy usage of the edifices change depending on the clip of twelvemonth. ( fig 2 ) shows how the sustainability index alterations as a map of clip for a 2 different constructing types with different utilizations ( glass, commercial and brick, residential ) .Noise PollutionThe noise theoretical account calculates the degrees of traffic noise geting at each edifice and can besides cipher the proportion of people that will happen certain degrees of noise a nuisance. Datas about the jutting traffic flows for the waterfront development were sourced from Dundee metropolis councils Dundee Waterfront Traffic & A ; Signing Report ( White Young Green 2007 ) . For each route in the proposed development a noise degree is calculated utilizing its projected hourly traffic flow. Using a map provided in CRT ( 1988 ) , ( equation 1 ) this traffic flow can be transformed into a noise degree which corresponds to how loud, in dBs ( dubnium ( A ) ) , the traffic noise is if the hearer were standing about 10 meters off from the route side. equation 1 A noise degree associated at each edifice based on the traffic volume is calculated based on the shortest distance ( vitamin D ) between the noise beginning ( route ) and the edifice utilizing Euclidean geometry. The sound degree emanating from each route is obtained by rectifying the basic noise degree utilizing equation 2. The equation besides includes the tallness ( H ) of the hearer which is changeless in these computations. ( CRTN 1988 ) equation 2 To find the entire noise degree received by the edifice the corrected noise from each route must be summed over n roads in the development ( equation 3 ) equation 3 Each edifice will now hold a noise degree value stand foring the entire degree of noise associated with that edifices location in relation to the roads and their projected traffic flows. Our sustainability step is achieved by normalizing the noise degree ( 0-100 graduated table as before ) and using a non additive map ( equation 4 ( Highways Agency 1994 ) ) , this calculates the per centum of people that will be bothered by a specific degree of noise. equation 4Economic BenefitThe economic theoretical account utilises a discounted hard currency flow computation to find the worth of a edifices current hard currency flow for a specific point in clip. The computation uses a price reduction rate which allows the hard currency flows to be discounted back to their present worth. equation 5 Where CF = hard currency flow for that twelvemonth. R = price reduction rate for that twelvemonth. t = the twelvemonth. In the equation the capital cost for the building of the first edifice is represented by CF0. Capital costs of subsequent edifices will be discounted to this point clip. e.g. the capital cost of a edifice built two old ages after the initial edifice would be discounted utilizing. Each edifice in the simulation has a site readying and building stage, during this clip the hard currency flow in for that period is taken every bit 0 as the edifice would non yet be sold or rented. The simulation is able to reflect the differences between hard currency flows for rented and sold edifices. Buildings which are sold will take a big income at the point of sale. As the edifice has been sold farther hard currency flows for this edifice will be 0. The price reduction factor will besides use to the sale income so for two edifices of tantamount value, a edifice sold in twelvemonth one will hold a higher present value than constructing sold in twelvemonth 10. As the edifice has been sold the upkeep and care of the edifice will be borne by the purchaser and so it non modelled here. Buildings which are rented will take a smaller income every twelvemonth. Rented edifices may hold a rent free period, to promote renters, and will hold a laic period between rentals, during these tim es the hard currency flow for that period will be 0. A price reduction factor is applied to the annual income to find its present value, once more based on the building twelvemonth of the first building.. Fig 3: PV for a individual edifice, built in twelvemonth 0, demoing differences between leased and sold income with different price reduction rates. The initial cost of the edifices are calculated utilizing the edifice type ( e.g. residential, commercial, retail, societal ) and the cost per square meter for that type of edifice. The income from sale or rent is similarly calculated utilizing the jutting income for that type of edifice. These values were sourced from the SET economic study on the waterfront development ( Buchanan 2006 ) . The maximal and minimal valleies are so mapped onto 0 100 and linearly interpolated.CredenceAcceptance corresponds to the credence of possible edifice utilizations within the development. The masterplan for Dundee has been developed and it was possible through treatment with Dundee council to find the possible edifice utilizations which are under reappraisal and included commercial office infinite, retail units, cafe/bar/restaurant and residential infinite. The edifice usage study used a superior system where the participant was asked to rank possible edifice utilizations in order of penchant. If the participant had no penchant between the edifice uses at each rank the proportions chosen at each rank would be equal. To find if this is the instance Friedman trial was performed utilizing SPSS on the average rank of each edifice usage, with the void hypothesis being that the average ranks will be equal. Ranks Mean Rank Commercial 3.37 Retail 2.51 Leisure 1.54 Residential 2.58 Test Statistics a Sample Size 106 Chi-Square 107.264 df 3 Significance. .000 a. Friedman Test The consequences of the Friedman trial show that there is a important difference ( p & lt ; 0.001 ) between how the users ranked the different edifice utilizations. Combined with post-hoc analysis of the consequences it is possible to pattern the acceptableness edifice uses in the undermentioned order ; Leisure ( highest ranked ) , Retail & A ; Residential ( equal ranked ) and Commercial ( Lowest Ranked ) . To make a sustainability index for the acceptableness of each edifice these rankings are mapped onto a 0-100 graduated table, with Leisure at 100 ( highest sustainability ) , Retail & A ; Residential at 50 and Commercial ( lowest sustainability ) at 0.MULTICRITERIA OPINION ANALYSISOne of the jobs with traditional sustainability appraisal is affecting the positions and experiences of a broad scope of stakeholders ( ( Isaacs et al. 2010b ) , . Many of the traditional methods of aggregating index values, such as Multi Attribute Utility Theory ( MAUT ) , lack transparence go forthing the users in a place where they do non to the full understand how the resulting weightings have been derived ( Dodgson et al. 2009 ; Paracchini et Al. 2008 ) . The Analytic Network Process ( ANP ) method uses synergistic web constructions which give a more holistic representation of the overall job ( Saaty 2006 ) . Components of the job are connected, as appropriate, in braces with directed lines imitating the influence of one constituent over another. The constituents in a web may besides be regarded as elements that interact and influence each other in respect to a specific property. ( Saaty 2006 ) . To execute a ANP analysis the determination shaper must place the web through analysis of the job to be solved. The determination shaper must place the bunchs, elements and the relationships and interactions between them ( Bottero et al. 2007 ) . Once the determination shaper has constructed the web to be analysed they must now make a supermatrix depicting the interactions defined in the theoretical account ( Gencer and Gurpinar 2007 ) . The supermatrix is created utilizing the cardinal graduated table and pair-wise method every interaction is described in footings of every component it interacts with ( Saaty 1999 ) . Once this has been completed the normalised eigenvector calculated from the matrix will give the determination shaper the normalised prioritised list of elements. ANP allows cross-cluster interactions every bit good as inter-relationships between elements.. It is structured of course and allows for a more realistic representation of the job, but its chief strength lies in supplying the user with the ability to include their ain personal cognition and sentiments about an interaction through the usage of pair-wise comparings ( Saaty 2006, ; Bottero et Al. 2007 ) . The prioritised list of elements which are derived from the ANP analysis are used in the 3D visual image to supply the user with a individual of sustainability index if required. Al-Kodmany, K. ( 2002 ) Visual image tools and methods in community planning: from freehand studies to practical world. Journal of be aftering Literature, 17 ( 2 ) , p. 189. 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Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary? doi=10.1.1.3.9259. Dodgson, J. , Spackman, M. , Pearman, A. & A ; Phillips, L. ( 2009 ) Multi-criteria analysis: a manual, London: Department for Communities and Local Government. Drummond, W. & A ; French, S. ( 2008 ) The Future of GIS in Planning: Converging Technologies and Diverging Interests. Journal of the American Planning Association, 74 ( 2 ) , pp. 161-174. Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.informaworld.com/openurl? genre=article & A ; doi=10.1080/01944360801982146 & A ; magic=crossref||D404A21C5BB053405B1A640AFFD44AE3. Evans, F. , Volz, W. , Dorn, G. , Frohlich, B. & A ; Roberts, D.M. ( 2002 ) Future trends in oil and gas visual image. In VIS '02: Proceedings of the conference on Visualization '02. Washington, DC, USA: IEEE Computer Society, pp. 567-570. Foxon, T. , McIlkenny, G. , Gilmour, D. , Oltean-Dumbrava, C. , Souter, N. , Ashley, R. , Butler, D. , Pearson, P. , Jowitt, P. & A ; Moir, J. ( 2002 ) Sustainability standards for determination support in the UK H2O industry. Journal of Environmental Planning and Management, 45 ( 2 ) , p. 285-301. Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.ingentaconnect.com/content/routledg/cjep/2002/00000045/00000002/art00007. Fuchs, H. , Levoy, M. & A ; Pizer, S.M. ( 1989 ) Interactive visual image of 3D medical informations. Computer, 22 ( 8 ) , pp. 46-51. Hagh-Shenas, H. , Kim, S. , Interrante, V. & A ; Healey, C. ( 2007 ) Weaving versus blending: a quantitative appraisal of the information transporting capacities of two alternate methods for conveying multivariate informations with colour. IEEE minutess on visual image and computing machine artworks, 13 ( 6 ) , pp. 1270-7. Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17968074. Harris, T. & A ; Elmes, G. ( 1993 ) The application of GIS in urban and regional planning: a reappraisal of the North American experience. Applied Geography, pp. 9-27. Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/014362289390077E. Highways Agency ( 1994 ) Design Manual for Roads and Bridges. Volume, 11 ( August ) . Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //scholar.google.com/scholar? hl=en & A ; btnG=Search & A ; q=intitle: DESIGN+MANUAL+FOR+ROADS+AND+BRIDGES # 3. Hix, D. , Swan, J. , Gabbard, J. , McGee, M. , Durbin, J. & A ; King, T. ( 1999 ) User-centered design and rating of a real-time battleground visual image practical environment. Proceedings IEEE Virtual Reality ( Cat. No. 99CB36316 ) ( Figure 1 ) , pp. 96-103. Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //ieeexplore.ieee.org/lpdocs/epic03/wrapper.htm? arnumber=756939. Isaacs, J. , Blackwood, D. , Falconer, R. & A ; Gilmour, D. ( 2007 ) The function of visual image in effectual sustainability appraisal. In M. Horner, C. Hardcastle, A. Price, & A ; J. Bebbington International Conference on Whole Life Urban Sustainability and its Assessment. Glasgow: Glasgow Caledonian university. Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //download.sue-mot.org/Conference-2007/Papers/Isaacs.pdf. Isaacs, J. , Falconer, R. , Gilmour, D. & A ; Blackwood, D. ( 2010 ) Enhancing urban sustainability utilizing 3D visual image. Proceedings Of The Institution Of Civil Engineers, p. IN PRESS. Isaacs, J. , Falconer, R. , Gilmour, D. & A ; Blackwood, D. ( 2010 ) Sustainable urban developments: stakeholder battle through 3d visual image. In Continuing of the 11th IASTED International Conference Computer Graphics and Imaging. Innsbruck: IASTED, pp. 265-271. Levkowitz, H. & A ; Herman, G. ( 1992 ) Color graduated tables for image informations. IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications ( Cgim ) , p. 72-80. Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.computer.org/portal/web/csdl/doi/10.1109/38.135886. Levy, R. ( 1995 ) Visual image of urban options. Environment and Planning B, 22, p. 343-343. Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //envplan.com/epb/fulltext/b22/b220343.pdf. Lodha, S.K. & A ; Verma, A.K. ( 2000 ) Spatio-temporal visual image of urban offenses on a GIS grid. In ACM New York, NY, USA, pp. 174-179. Lowe, R. ( 2003 ) Animation and acquisition: selective processing of information in dynamic artworks. Learning and Instruction, 13 ( 2 ) , pp. 157-176. Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S095947520200018X. Lowe, R. ( 2004 ) Question of a dynamic visual image during larning. Learning and Instruction, 14 ( 3 ) , pp. 257-274. Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0959475204000313. Paracchini, M.L. , Pacini, C. , Calvo, S. & A ; Vogt, J. ( 2008 ) Weighting and collection of indexs for sustainability impact appraisal in the SENSOR context. In Sustainability Impact Assessment of Land Use Changes. Berlin: Springer, pp. 349-372. Parkin, S. , Sommer, F. & A ; Uren, S. ( 2003 ) Sustainable development: understanding the construct and practical challenge. Engineering Sustainability, 156 ( 1 ) , p. 19-26. Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.atypon-link.com/telf/doi/abs/10.1680/ensu.156.1.19.37055. Salter, J.D. , Campbell, C. , Journeay, M. & A ; Sheppard, S.R. ( 2009 ) The digital workshop: researching the usage of synergistic and immersive visual image tools in participatory planning. Journal of environmental direction, 90 ( 6 ) , pp. 2090-101. Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18558460. Shiffer, M. ( 1998 ) Multimedia GIS for be aftering support and public discourse. Cartography and Geographic Information Science, 25 ( 2 ) , p. 89-94. Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.ingentaconnect.com/content/acsm/cagis/1998/00000025/00000002/art00004. States, U. ( 2000 ) A Summary of Models for Measuring the Land-Use Patterns. Environmental Protection ( September ) . Stevens, D. , Dragicevic, S. & A ; Rothley, K. ( 2007 ) iCity: A GIS-CA modeling tool for urban planning and determination devising. Environmental Modelling & A ; Software, 22 ( 6 ) , pp. 761-773. Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1364815206000582. Traynor, C. & A ; Williams, M.G. ( 1995 ) Why are geographic information systems hard to utilize? In CHI '95: Conference comrade on Human factors in calculating systems. New York, NY, USA: ACM, pp. 288-289. WCED ( 1987 ) Our common hereafter. Members of the Comission. Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //scholar.google.com/scholar? hl=en & A ; btnG=Search & A ; q=intitle: Our+Common+Future # 0. White Young Green ( 2007 ) Traffic Signalling Modelling Report. Traffic ( March ) .

Jim Crow Law Paper Essays

Jim Crow Law Paper Essays Jim Crow Law Paper Essay Jim Crow Law Paper Essay The Jim Crow Laws were as discriminatory as it gets when it came to race, as it separated what it considered inferior races from the white race. Of course, this was predominantly, but not limited to, a Southern set of laws that were enacted due to the freeing of slaves after the Civil War. For one to get prospective on this subject, it is essential to go back to the origin of said laws and why they were enacted to begin with. According to The History of Jim Crow (N.D), â€Å"More than 400 state laws, constitutional amendments, and city ordinances legalizing segregation and discrimination were passed in the United States between 1865 and 1967,† (Para. 1). The severity of anti-black laws was apparent in how some of these laws were written and interpreted. One such law enacted read as such, â€Å"A Black male could not offer his hand (to shake hands) with a White male because it implied being socially equal. Obviously, a Black male could not offer his hand or any other part of h is body to a White woman, because he risked being accused of rape,† (Pilgrim, Sept, Para. ). The Negro race was considered to be not only inferior to the White race, but nothing more than animals to an extent. This was evident in the fact that they were being treated as if they could not make rational decisions, much like an animal, which would do anything to get what it wanted. These types of laws were enacted in order to keep the White race pure and untainted, less the American population become corrupt and diminished in every aspect of humanity (not my belief).There were many ways in which the African-American population was affected due to the Jim Crow Laws, such as segregated schools, segregated transportation, segregated eating establishments, separation of White women and Black males, and no rights while driving in a heavily white populated area. It seemed that the African-American was nothing more than subhuman at best; left to pick up whatever the White race would let them have. The absence of these fundamental rights kept the African-American population in the dark educationally, politically, socially, and economically.This type of treatment eventually led to a movement, which would eventually establish rights for the African-American population. Ida B. Wells is one of the most influential African-American women in all of United States history, as she not only stood up for the rights of her people, but for that of women as well. Born in 1862, Ida was a part of an enslaved family of nine, which soon became six after a Yellow Fever epidemic took the lives of her â€Å"parents and youngest sibling,† (Baker, April 1996, para. ). Once this took place, it pushed her to step up and take care of her family, thus creating a fearless woman who would eventually take the plight of African-Americans to new heights. One of her first fights was over the seat she had onboard a train, which she was ordered to give up for a white man to have a seat, this eventually led to her being forcefully being removed from her seat and landed in her in court to plead her case of equal rights.Though she won her first case, the Supreme Court of Tennessee overturned the lower court ruling and thus created a cascade of events led by Ida for not only African-American rights, but that of gender as well. Another great African-American who got the attention of a nation was Booker T. Washington. According to Bio. True Story (1994), â€Å"Booker T. Washington was the dominant figure in the African American community in the United States from 1890 to 1915,† (Para. 1). Born a slave, Washington understood the plight of post slaves and the African-American populace and thus became one of the most influential rights activists of all time.Washington’s main theme, or idea, was that education would be the key to African-American success in the United States, and before dying, he had established a well ran school for Blacks at Tuskegee that schooled more than 1500 students. Later, a man by the name of W. E. B. Du Bois would come along and take the fight deeper into the core of fundamental rights in the United States. Not only would he take the fight in a different direction, he would turn his back on the principles handed down through Booker T. Washington. Booker T.Washington was a pacifist of sorts, while Du Bois was more of a controversialist. It was the mentality of Du Bois, who had studied Sociology for numerous years, that respect and equality for African-Americans would only come through strife, thus inciting riots and protests. After looking at the types of mentalities associated with the struggle for equality, one can only surmise that African-Americans took many approaches towards equal rights. One of which would be protests, displayed by Rosa Parks, who, in protest, would not give up her seat and go sit in the Black section.Then there was Martin Luther King, who led marches and gave speeches to anyone who would liste n. Every move pushed for equality and the right to live like the white populace. Today, we can see the hard work of all those, black, or white, who contributed to the joint venture we now embrace today, as all races in the United States strive towards the same goals.References Baker, L. D. (April 1996). Ida B. Wells-Barnett and Her Passion for Justice. Retrieved from http:// duke. edu/~ldbaker/classes/AAIH/caaih/ibwells/ibwbkgrd. html Bio. True Story. 1994-2011). Booker T. Washington Biography. Retrieved from biography. com/people/booker-t-washington-9524663 Davidson, J. , Gienapp, W. , Heyrman, C. , Lytle, M. , Stoff, M. (2006). Nation of nations: A concise narrative of the American Republic (4th ed. ). Boston, MA: McGraw Hill. Pilgrim, D. (Sept. 2000). What Was Jim Crow? Retrieved from ferris. edu/jimcrow/what. htm The History of Jim Crow. (N. D. ). Jim Crow Legislation Overview. Retrieved from jimcrowhistory. org/resources/lessonplans/hs_es_jim_crow_laws. htm

Achilles Tendon

The Achilles tendon is a tough band of threadlike tissue that connects the calf muscles to the heel bone. The Achilles tendon is also called the calcaneal tendon. The calf muscles unite into one band of tissue, which becomes the Achilles tendon at the low end of the calf. The Achilles tendon then inserts into the heel bone. Small sacs of fluid called bursa cushion the Achilles tendon at the heel. The Achilles tendon is the largest and strongest tendon in the body. When the calf on our toes when walking, running, or jumping. Despite its strength, the Achilles tendon is also vulnerable to injury, due to its limited blood supply and the high tensions placed on it. Achilles tendon injuries are common in people who participate in these sports such as running, gymnastics, dance, football, baseball, softball, basketball, tennis, and volleyball. An Achilles tendon injury might be caused by overuse. Stepping up your level of physical activity too quickly. Not stretching enough before exercise. Wearing high heels, which increase the stress on the tendon. Problems with the feet. An Achilles tendon injury can result from flat feet, also known as fallen arches. In this condition, the impact of a step causes the arch of your foot to collapse, stretching the muscles and tendons. Muscles or tendons in the leg that are too tight. Rest your Achilles tendon. Avoid all activities that strain the tendon, such as stair climbing or running. While allowing your tendon the days, weeks, or months it needs to heal, try other activities, such as  swimming. Reduce pain by icing your Achilles tendon and taking nonprescription pain relievers. Follow your physical therapy  program if one has been prescribed for you, and do gentle stretching and strengthening exercises, especially focusing on  calf stretches. Do not smoke or use other tobacco products. Smoking slows healing, because it decreases  blood supply. Wear footwear that protects the tendon while it is healing. Quality athletic shoes that support your arches and cushion your heels can make a big difference in your daily comfort and the healing process. If needed, talk to your physical therapist  about heel pads. A bandage that keeps your foot  flexed can restrict the motion of the Achilles tendon. A silicone sleeve or pad can distribute pressure on the Achilles tendon.

Global strategy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 1

Global strategy - Essay Example The legal status and necessary accreditations of the institute has been mentioned in the business plan. The plan elaborates on the management processes and the setting up of various departments in the institute. The market situation in terms of prospect for the business school has been analysed. A suitable marketing strategy has been formulated keeping in mind the market situation. The marketing plan involving the implementation of the marketing strategies has been discussed. The marketing plan elaborates on how the business school hopes to reach out to their target customer and handle the competition. The sales target and forecast has been discussed. The prerequisites for setting up the institute in terms of operational requirements, licensing, establishing supplier relationship and insurance needs have been discussed. The present and the future financial scenario of the business school have been analysed in the plan. The plan has explored the scope in the education market through a n internal and external environment analysis. The plan includes a SWOT and PEST analysis. The business risks associated with setting up the business school has been discussed. The business school in the long run is expected to yield significant profits to shareholders. The primary aim of the new business is to initially establish itself as a reputed Business School in UK. The business school has a global approach and will allow admission to students from other countries as well. They plan to later open subsidiaries in other countries. The initial focus is on attracting students from Australia and United States of America. The number of students opting for higher education has increased in UK. Consequently there is a need for Business schools which can provide quality education (Fry, 2009). The Director of the business school has an experience of twenty years in the UK educational system and his