Essay about Lack of Vision in Carvers Cathedral - 1266 Words

Lack of Vision in Cathedral The narrator in Raymond Carver’s Cathedral is not a particularly sensitive man. I might describe him as self-centered, superficial, and egotistical. And while his actions certainly speak to these points, it is his misunderstanding of the people and the relationships presented to him in this story which show most clearly his tragic flaw: while Robert is physically blind, it is the narrator who cannot clearly see the world around him. In the eyes of the narrator, Robert’s blindness is his defining characteristic. The opening line of Cathedral reads, This blind man, an old friend of my wife’s, he was on his way to spend the night (1052). Clearly, the narrator cannot see past Robert’s disability;†¦show more content†¦The narrator’s naivete leaves him amazed by Robert, who does things which the narrator would view as atypical of the blind. This reinforces the idea that the narrator is blind to the reality of the world. The narrator’s blindness is certainly not limited to Robert—he no better understands the relationship between his wife and the blind man: They’d become good friends, my wife and the blind man. . . . On her last day in the office, the blind man asked if he could touch her face . . . .She told me he touched his fingers to every part of her face . . . .She never forgot it. She even tried to write a poem about it . . . .She wrote a poem or two every year, usually after something really important had happened to her. When we first started going out together, she showed me the poem . . . I can remember I didn’t think much of the poem . . . Maybe I just don’t understand poetry (Carver 1053). While the narrator realizes that his wife’s relationship with Robert is important to her, he cannot understand why. Under other circumstances, the narrator’s wife’s descriptions of experiences that summer and Robert’s friendship and advice through her marriages might have left him enlightened as to the depth of their relationship. But here, despite all evidence to the contrary, the narrator (ultimately because of his prejudice) has ruled out Robert as a thoughtful, consequential person. He cannot comprehend that a blind man is capable of touchingShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Raymond Carver s Cathedral1696 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction: Everyone has ghosts in their closets; something they are running from, or trying to bury alive. Cathedral, written by Raymond Carver, takes place in the early 1980’s. Originally published in The Atlantic Monthly in 1981. Carver slightly revised the story and re-released it in 1983. At a time when the blue collar working class lived paycheck to paycheck, working hard for newfound luxuries such as color television, this short story is humorous and eye-opening for the reader. For adultsRead MoreMinimalism by Raymond Carver Essay3013 Words   |  13 Pagespoint across. This method leads to a creative piece of literature with strategically placed vocabulary to stimulate hidden meaning and different forms of communication throughout the plots as shown in â€Å"The Bath†, â€Å"A Small, Good Thing† and â€Å"Cathedral†. Carver’s use of minimalism was an intelligent way to allow readers to make their own personal connections and analogies of hidden message s throughout his stories. Minimalistic writing is when less means more. Many Critics refer to Raymond Carver asRead MorePrejudice Essay : Cathedral 1308 Words   |  6 PagesSamantha Langert Professor Jereb English G110 18 September 2017 Prejudices in Cathedral Prejudice comes in all forms; whether it is due to someone s skin color, religion, or disability, fear of someone who is different than what you view as normal is apparent all around us. Miriam Webster defines Prejudice as â€Å"injury or damage resulting from some judgment or action of another in disregard to one’s rights†. Although most people tend to associate prejudice with racism, that is not always theRead More Raymond Carvers Cathedral Essay6977 Words   |  28 Pages In quot;The Compartment,quot; one of Raymond Carvers bleakest stories, a man passes through the French countryside in a train, en route to a rendevous with a son he has not seen for many years. quot;Now and then,quot; the narrator says of the man, quot;Meyers saw a farmhouse and its outbuildings, everything surrounded by a wall. He thought this might be a good way to live-in an old house surrounded by a wallquot; (Cathedral 48). Due to a last minute change of heart, however, Meyers choosesRead More Analysis Of The Book Carver Essay1867 Words   |  8 Pagesstories Carver chronicled the everyday lives and problems of the working poor in the Pacific Northwest. His blue-collar characters are crushed by broken marriages, financial problems, and failed careers. This short stories mirrored Carver s own life. Carver’s stripped down, minimalist prose style is remarkable for its honesty and power. He is credited with helping revitalize the genre of the English language short story in the late 20th century.Carver dealt with a serious case of alcoholism you can seeRead MoreLiteral vs. Figurative Blindness Essay example1176 Words   |  5 Pagesplays a part or pride. In Cathedral by Raymond Carver, it describes a few myths that society has portrayed and opinions of the visual impaired. The main focus is getting to know the person before drawing a conclusion. Its not fair to anyone to be neglected whether you are visual impaired or have the functionality of what is considered to be a normal human being. Exposing people to literal and figurative blindness is a true eye-opener. In Raymond Carver’s story, Cathedral, depicts a charismaticRead MoreCharacter Analysis Of Alice Walker, Flannery O Connor, And Raymond Carver1831 Words   |  8 PagesThe importance of family is not something that we can argue. Our relationships with parents, children, and siblings or the lack of such relationships have a huge impact on our lives. Similarly for literary characters, which authors present as either to have â€Å"normal† or â€Å"abnormal† relationships. Three authors whose writing published in the 20th century focuses on family as a central theme are Alice Walker, Flannery O’Connor, and Raymond Carver. A commonality between all three stories is the emphasizeRead MoreAnalysis Of Raymond Carver s Cathedral2364 Words   |  10 Pagesthe population who are not limited and make preconceived notions about these limitations which can bind them. Raymond Carver’s â€Å"Cathedral† explores many literary devices that reveal the pre con ceived perception towards people with physical limitations without understanding the individual first, which is still a problem today. The protagonist, the narrator is closed minded and lacks communication with his wife, which clearly exhibits the distance and troubles in their relationship. The narrator isRead MoreThe Liberation Of The Heart By Raymond Carver1770 Words   |  8 Pagesthe heart is a liberation which some cannot easily attain. In many instances, the heart may require an influence or spark that revives the compassion that is lacking. In Raymond Carver’s â€Å"Cathedral,† the author takes this notion of intervention and demonstrates it through the tale of a vulgar and callous man who seems to lack even the slightest amount of compassion for anyone. The man appears to have no friends, no direction in life, and he most certainly has no filter. These claims become apparent

Green Mountain Resort Dissolves the Turnover Problem Free Essays

Questions: 1. Which of the six change images discussed in this chapter can be identified in the assumptions about managing turnover that were held by Gunter? Gunter is a mentor to the new students who provide exceptional customer service at the resort. These students receive superb training for this reason. We will write a custom essay sample on Green Mountain Resort Dissolves the Turnover Problem or any similar topic only for you Order Now Green Mountain has an excellent reputation for the outstanding training they provide to employees. With the first-rate training at Green Mountain, each employee will advance in their career. The hospitality literature plays the role of the navigator. The hospitality literature makes suggestions to reduce the effects of turnover. The hospitality literature gave a vague description of the turn over problem. It was described as persistent and it is to be carried through. The consultant played the role of the interpreter. The consultant presented the problem of turnover as he perceived it and was able to convince Gunter of the issues at hand. Green Mountain took pride in the amount of employees that were successfully trained. 2. How did these assumptions influence prescriptions for dealing with â€Å"the turnover problem†? Each of these assumptions influenced the prescriptions for dealing with the turnover problem. As Gunter played the role of the nurturer he tried to solve the problem. When the problem was reinterpreted for Gunter he became a coach. Gunter liked the situation and turned it into a positive, an advantage. Gunter obtained a large number of young men that wanted to begin a career for themselves. The hospitality literature was the navigator and saw the problem as one to be endured. Management should work on reducing its incapacitating effects. Management should streamline training, simplify jobs, and not depend on individuals. The prescription informed management to make the HR process more proficient. The consultant was the interpreter. The consultant reinterpreted the problem for Gunter. The consultant explained to Gunter to not look at the problem as a problem, however, look at it as a positive and find the positive in the situation. 3. Choose another change image and apply it to â€Å"the turnover problem. † To what new insights does it lead? A change image is an obstacle to be overcome. The strategy will need to be avoided and work will need to be outsourced by temps from a hiring agency. This would be the process in which he strategy would be overcome by avoiding it as much as possible. Gunter would have to reduce the number of full time employees he employed. Several jobs would be eliminated. Using mechanical devices and machines would make it very difficult to provide exceptional, first rate service. 4. What conclusions do you draw from this about the statement at the start of the chapter that â€Å"if we only draw upon one particular frame, then this will take us away from thinking about what is going on from an alternative perspective†? We can draw several conclusions about the statement â€Å"if we only draw upon one particular frame, then this will take us away from thinking about what is going on from an alternative perspective†. When a problem is viewed from different perspectives we get a different view of the problem as well as different suggestions for solving the problem. From the perspective of the consultant, the turnover problem had its advantages and if these were enlightened, there would be advantages for Gunter. From the perspective of development literature relating to the hospitality business, turnover was a chronic problem that had to be endured but its effect minimized. From the perspective of Gunter, turnover was a problem for which a solution has to be found. Finally, we took the perspective that turnover was an obstacle to the development of the resort and so had to be avoided. Every alternative perspective gives suggestions and that makes the analysis richer. However, it also provides the opportunity to assess the different perspectives and select that perspective that best addresses the problem in hand. References Managing Organizational Change: A Multiple Perspectives Approach written by Ian Palmer, Richard Dunford, and Gib Akin (2006)Irwin/McGraw-Hill How to cite Green Mountain Resort Dissolves the Turnover Problem, Essay examples

Project Management Carlton Specialty PLC

Questions: 1. Prepare a combined schedule of cost of good manufactured and cost of soldstatement for the month of July 2016. Show computations pertaining to the missing values for raw materials and WIP control accounts.2. Prepare an income statement for the month of July 2016.3.Discuss the main differences between job costing and process costing. Hint: Youare required to use proper referencing.4. Are monthly production reports an example of periodic or perpetual inventorysystems? Explain. Answers: Introduction The organizations operating in the modern economic structure, use complex functions to evaluate their manufacturing and cost of goods sold. The organizations require proper evaluation of the production cost in order to take pricing decisions about their commodity. The pricing decisions are necessary to determine the organizations revenue for an accounting year. Thus its is necessary to maintain their production cost in detail This study evaluates the production cost and the cost of goods sold of Carlton Specialty PLC, manufacturer of custom-based furniture. The study reveals that the accounting information about their production cost is lost due to an accidental fire and thus it is necessary to create a revised cost of manufacture and also the cast of sales. The study also assesses the difference between job and process costing and whether monthly production report is an example of perpetual or periodic inventory system. 1.In the books of Carlton Speciality PLC Schedule of Cost of Goods Manufactured Goods Sold for the month of July'2016 Particulars Amount Amount Direct Material Consumed : Raw Material Purchase 425000 Add : Opening Balance of Raw Material 3091000 3516000 Less: Closing Balance of Raw Material 850000 2666000 Direct Labor Costs : 864000 PRIME COST 3530000 Manufacturing Overhead 1350000 FACTORY COST 4880000 Opening Balance of Work-in-Progress 240000 Less: Closing Balance of Work-in-Progress 240000 0 COSTS OF GOODS MANUFACTURED 4880000 Opening Balance of Finished Goods 320000 Less: Closing Balance of Finished Goods 1200000 -880000 COST OF GOODS SOLD 4000000 Add: Profit Margin @50% 2000000 SELLING PRICES 6000000 Workings: Dr. Accounts Payable A/c. Cr. Date Particulars Amount Date Particulars Amount 30-Jun To, Bank A/c. 430000 1st July By, Balance B/f 70000 By, Purchase of Raw Material A/c. 425000 30th June By, Balance C/f 65000 495000 495000 Dr. Finished Goods A/c. Cr. Date Particulars Amount Date Particulars Amount 1st July To, Balance B/f 320000 By, Cost of Goods Sold A/c. 1786000 To, Work-in-Progress A/c. 2666000 30th June By, Balance C/f 1200000 2986000 2986000 Dr. Work-in-Progress A/c. Cr. Date Particulars Amount Date Particulars Amount 1st July To, Balance B/f 240000 By, Finished Goods A/c. 2666000 To, Raw Materials A/c. 2666000 30-Apr By, Balance C/f 240000 2906000 2906000 Dr. Raw Material A/c. Cr. Date Particulars Amount Date Particulars Amount 1st July To, Balance b/f 3091000 30th June By, Work-in-Progress A/c. 2666000 To, Accounts Payable A/c. 425000 30th June By, Balance c/f 850000 3516000 3516000 Dr. Cost of Goods Sold A/c. Cr. Date Particulars Amount Date Particulars Amount 30th June To Finished Goods A/c. 1786000 To Direct Labor Cost A/c. 864000 To, Manufacturing Overhead A/c. 1350000 30th June By, Income Statement 4000000 4000000 4000000 Dr. Manufacturing Overhead A/c. Cr. Date Particulars Amount Date Particulars Amount 30th June To Bank A/c. 1350000 By, Cost of Goods Sold A/c. 1350000 1350000 1350000 2. In the books of Carlton Speciality PLC Income Statement for the month of July'2016 Particulars Amount Amount Sales Revenue 6000000 Cost of Goods Sold -4000000 Gross Profit 2000000 Selling Administrative Cost -400000 Net Income before Interest Tax 1600000 3. The difference between Process Costing and Job Costing are as follows: Job costing involves the evaluation of cost of special orders, and the work contracts, which are done according to the instructions of the customers. Process costing on the other hand is a technique in, which costs are charged to number of processes and operations. Job costing is a customized mode of manufacturing function as it involves the use of individual units. Process costing on the other hand is a patterned mode of production function, which involves a process or a guideline for its operations. The computation of job costing is done by evaluating each job separately while process costing involves determination of all the costs of the processes and then the manufacture units are distributed accordingly (Braun 2013). The cost center involves a job in job costing and a process or mechanism in process costing. In job costing no transfer of costs are done whereas costs allotted to a product is transferred with the transfer of the product from one process to the other. In job costing every work is different from each other an thus are heterogeneous. Process costing involves a continuous production process and thus the products are homogeneous and lose their identity (Popesko 2013). The cost is determined after the completion of the job in job costing whereas the cost is evaluated at the closing of an accounting period in process costing. Job costing is ideal for firms, which produces commodities as per the needs of the clients whereas process costing is suitable for any firm where the production process is done in a bulk. The cost reduction process is less in job costing but process costing creates a higher scope for cost reduction. 4. The monthly production report is an example of perpetual inventory system, as perpetual system requires daily up gradation of the inventory records. Thus perpetual system holds an upper hand as it provides an updated inventory data and requires less amount of physical inventory counts. But such system can be ineffective when some transactions are not recorded or any case of theft. Thus, a periodic comparison with the book balance to the real hold on the total quantity is necessary to adjust the book balance as required. Perpetual inventory system is thus a better method for tracing the inventory as it provides exact results of the continuous production process (Warren, Reeve and Duchac 2013). Periodic inventory system on the other hand only updates the balance in the ledgers when a physical inventory count is made. This process is very tedious and time consuming and thus it is preferably not used by companies. Thus monthly production report is an example of perpetual system as it not only takes into account the up gradation of records without only focusing on the physical change. Conclusion The above study determines the schedule of cost of goods manufactured and the cost of sales of Carlton Specialty PLC and finds out the lost records of the organization. The organization also focuses on the process of job and process costing. The study thus gives out the total production cost of the organization and thus helping them to determine the price of the product. Reference List Braun, K.W., 2013. Custom fabric ventures: An instructional resource in job costing for the introductory managerial accounting course.Journal of Accounting Education,31(4), pp.400-429. Fisher, J.G. and Krumwiede, K., 2012. Product costing systems: Finding the right approach.Journal of Corporate Accounting Finance,23(3), pp.43-51. Popesko, B., 2013. Costing methods utilization in Czech enterprises. Warren, C.S., Reeve, J.M. and Duchac, J., 2013.Financial managerial accounting. Cengage Learning.

Western Nations Trade and Exchange in the 18th Century an Example of the Topic History Essays by

Western Nations Trade and Exchange in the 18th Century What was the role of the trade and exchange in the western nations in the 18th century? Trade resulted as a result of the communication that started to take shape in the prehistoric times. In the past it included exchange of goods and services or exchange of goods for services. In the 18th century trade or commerce was the backbone of many western nations. Other words they much valued trade as it earned them a lot of money. Curtin strongly believed that trade and exchange represented the key external stimuli to development. This is what in a nutshell this essay is all about. Need essay sample on "Western Nations Trade and Exchange in the 18th Century" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed During the 18th century, the key economic principles of Western nations were government expenditure and revenues, agricultural production and the foreign trade. In Western Europe at this period, it was believed that the welfare of all people would be taken care of if all nations embraced the policy of free trade as opposed to the military expeditions. As Maynard Keynes once put it, the individuals welfare is more important than that of the nation. The free economy to him meant that the majority would be the decision makers as opposed to the government. It was believed that if people were allowed to budget on their revenues, job opportunities and on what to use or save than, then the quality of life would be uplifted. According to Adam Smith in his book the wealth of nations, the government was supposed to regulate the free trade economy by ensuring that the operation mechanisms were in place and were followed to the letter. These were things such as monopoly regulation and enforcement of business contract. Before the 18th century the Britains economy was largely dependent on agriculture and military aggressions but it slowly evolved into an urbanized and industrial economy in the 18th century and in the next centuries. (Jan de Vries, 1976; 52-78) The industrial economy that took place in Britain in the 18th century involved exchange of goods and services. People started relying on trade unlike before when they relied on agriculture economy. Trade and exchange made people to reassess their social obligations as well as their family structures. In the past, most families relied on the rural economy but in 18th century they abandoned this strategy and embarked on a capitalist and urban economy. This involved terms and contracts, markets, trade, currencies and bills of exchange. The prosperity that the Western nations achieved due to this trade set a stage for transforming these nations from urban economy to capitalism. The urban economy started as a simple exchange of stock, keeping shops or in short what can be referred to as the exchange of material culture and then into a fully-fledged industrial economy. The western world started to value trade when they realized that it was the only source of money that was used to finance all its military operations. According to (Curtin P., 1984; 25-85) military conquest proved itself not to be enough and for this reason he believed that the role that trade and exchange would play in transforming the history of mankind would be very crucial as it is the only external stimuli that can bring change in our societies. He believes that external stimulation is the single most important as far as change and development in various fields such as art, technology and science are concerned. Inoder to traditionally integrate the income that can be used to cater for social welfare can be obtained, (Marianna B. 2005) a nation like Britain looked for overseas colonies where they could establish their business and exploit the local market of these colonies that were yet untapped. The basic approach to the international trade depends on the expected benefits either in terms of growth or welfare improvement. Economic gains increased whenever nations pursue cross-border commerce took place. This is because whenever you offer something new in the market and this makes people curious to try it out. This is what western nations believed in trade and trade as they discovered that military operations in search of wealth was costing them very much than what they anticipated. They started focusing more on the trade and exchange. The Britains economy thus stretched to each and every corner of the continent except in Antarctica. Its rapidly growing market economy earned Britain enormous benefits that led to the development of manufacturing and industrial economy. Another reason that perhaps led Britain to go overseas in search of market for its products was the fact that mercantilism had well established itself properly in this country something that made other nations to start thinking of the same. They realized the local industries would only achieve that by protecting the local industries by taxing and other duties. This made this commerce unprofitable and they had to look for alternatives. From then henceforth, every time it conquered an oversea territory, it monopolized it with its products and a classic example of this is the North America where half of the British products were exported. (Blanning T. 2000; 291-303) The policy of trade and exchange as a stimulus to change was evident and successful in the Ottoman Empire. Here this government regulated the international trade by giving some states the trading rights. He allowed some states to conduct trading activities and while he restricted some. This ensured that there was continuous inflow of such products that his empire would not provide for the people. Nations that had very weak external stimuli remained poor while others that had strong stimuli became rich and dominant. (Hancock D.1995; 123) This research has come to the conclusion that trade and exchange are the external stimuli to change. Many western nations realized this long before and that is why they were more prosperous than others as in the past they only relied on military operations. These western nations that are prosperous started. While pursuing international affairs, these nations they were well aware of the importance of protecting their own industries back at home. This is why a country like Britain introduced what was called Corn Laws that were made to protect the agricultural market at home. That is why if any country wants to prosper, then it should extend its business hands to various parts like the way European nations were doing in the 18th century. References: Curtin P. D. Cross Cultural Trade in World History. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1984; 25-85. Marianna B. Cross Cultural Trade and Internal Institutional Stability. Hancock D. Citizens of the World: London Merchants and Integration of the British _ Atlantic Community. 1735-1785. New York: Cambridge University Press. 1995: 123. Blanning T. Eighteen Century: Europe 1688-1815. Oxford University Press, 2000: 291- 303 Jan de Vries. The economy of Europe in an Age of Crisis, 1600-1750. New York: Cambridge University Press. 1976: 52-78.

The Longwall Method of Coal Getting Essays

The Longwall Method of Coal Getting Essays The Longwall Method of Coal Getting Essay The Longwall Method of Coal Getting Essay The article discusses about the sociological and psychological structure within a mechanistic system: a coalmine. Its divided into sections that relate to various issues concerning mainly the humanistic development within a contained social structure and how it interrelates with a larger scale mass organisation. In coal mines, the workers are interdependent for any part of the process needed to extract the coal meaning that each individuals job was strictly dependant on the job which previously needed to be done in order to carry out the process. Generally speaking, the work consists of a primary work-group that is then divided into the individual or pair, depending on the job. A vast distinction exists between the two phases of the structure: before mechanisation and after. Pre-mechanised structure mainly consisted in craftsmanship and was treated as such. Mechanised structures are similar to the nowadays assembly lines in which specific jobs are strictly assigned in order to minimize the costs on labour and maximise output. This article expresses views on both structures and how social and psychological characteristic differences in both interrelate with the output produced within the structure. As noted above, this organisational structure can be divided into two structures, one of which is the succession of the other. The first one is the pre-mechanised structure, better known as hand got mining. In this structure, the workers have full autonomy on their choices of work. This includes also the choice of workmanship that creates an ideal environment for everyone. The individuals are able to carry out different jobs in a rotational succession that eases the stress caused by a strict single job. Their autonomy clarifies the fact that there is no superior control, even given by the fact that supervision is virtually impossible in the mining area. The relationship between the workers expanded also externally form their job site; they were supportive in every way towards family members of their co-workers. Generally speaking this structure produced an ideal social structure that influenced positively their interaction with work. This was mainly induced by the fact that even under good conditions, the amount of work is adjusted depending on the individual. The disadvantages of this structure that the article argues about is the fact that psychologically, the small craftsmen have difficulties in adapting to larger scale structures, which leads us to the mechanised structures. The longwall structure can be best compared with an assembly line similarly practiced in car manufacturing. The process is broken down in a rigid succession of events that is precisely interrelated. This meaning that a cut on one single mechanised job would stop the whole process. This structure includes fewer workers, which decreases the cost in labour. Whenever a large job needs to be carried out, larger groups interact with individuals or pairs. This type of structure can also be compared to the Tayloristic theory that divides labour into specific and mono-skilled tasks. A deputy who however does not have the ability to supervise the workers manages the group; this ultimately sparks sociological and psychological problems. Although being a better structure production-wise, the structure encounters a series of problems that affect the whole environment. The workers who previously were involved with hand got mining have difficulties in adapting to a large-scale structure. This is due to the fact that the size in which a structure exists compromises tensions of small scale. Wages are not evenly distributed. Most workers are paid by cubic meters or by yard, which creates a tension between the workers given the fact that an individual is strictly dependent on the previous individual in the process line. This is also aggravated by existing bad conditions that can be also provoked by the anxieties of the latter. The deputy, responsible for the processes, accumulates tension. The manager and the workers create hostility between each other since both dont support each other given that their goals are very different. According to the article, the work environment needs to associate two distinct factors together. First of all, the production cycle and secondly, the interferences that are brought out from the first mentioned within the social structure as well as the straight hierarchical structure. The association is vital in order to create production efficiency, and according to the author, it can be gained only with years of experience. I believe that the facts explained in the article are a reality as a particular social environment difficultly finds ease in catapulting itself in a new larger environment, and this is true for everything. Mainly, I also believe that the article also deals with the fact that there is no best way to organise a structure. Many factors depend on it. In this case, theoretically, a combination of the two structures would bring about to maximum output and perfect working conditions.

How I Get the Best Out of FundsforWriters Newsletter

How I Get the Best Out of FundsforWriters Newsletter Hopes FFW is a great newsletter and completely deserves its reputation as a great resource for writers. The newsletter is one of a handful. In every edition there is at least one publication I think â€Å"I like the sound of that – Ill send them an LOI or a pitch!† But theres a problem, a catch-22 if you like: Hopes newsletter is way too popular! When I first subscribed to FFW as soon as Id read it I would start researching the publications – check out their style, recent articles etc. But my pitches usually bombed even though I had a really good rate of acceptance from other publications Id researched. The penny dropped when I noticed one publication Id just read about in FFW had closed their doors for submission due to a sudden increase in pitches before I got further than the research. Of course! We were all pitching the same editors at the same time. As soon as I clicked on to this, I changed my approach not just with FFW but with all the newsletters I receive which list magazine submission details. Suddenly my rate of success with these editors vastly improved. I use a staggered approach now. Heres what I do: 1) I read FFW as soon as it appears in my inbox but only for the Editors Thoughts and the Featured Article. Its always good to get new ideas and encouragement. 2) I look at time-sensitive notices like competitions. I admit these are low priority for me as Im too busy with non-fiction work to do much story writing. I also ignore grants because not many of them apply to the UK where I live. 3) This is the important bit: I file FFW newsletter in a special email folder and ignore it for about six months. That way, if theres a flurry of pitches from eager writers, I miss the crush. These publications have usually been around for a while, so theres no rush! I have a stack of about two years of FFWs and other newsletters ready to use now. 4) I then pick an FFW from the back catalog and choose publications to pitch. The choice can be random – might be from six months earlier, or four months, or even a year. It really doesnt matter as long as its old. Its almost stupidly simple but what a difference this has made to the acceptances Ive seen! Now I have a level playing field to pitch to rather than trying to shout to be heard after the sudden interest has died down. Ive found that if youre good enough you wont miss the boat. As long as the publications keep running, theyll always need new articles. For instance, just recently I pitched a piece to Little India – the largest overseas Indian magazine in the world which Hope wrote about at the end of May last year. Despite being a big publication, I heard back from them within 24 hours accepting my pitch and the article was published in April this year. Im quite certain that had I pitched the editor back in May I probably wouldnt have heard from him at all. Sometimes, it seems, the last shall be first.

Carbon Dioxide Emissions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Carbon Dioxide Emissions - Essay Example The average World Carbon Dioxide Emissions were 4.53 metric tones/capita in 2005. United States of America ranked first then with average emissions of 19.54 metric tones/capita followed by Canada, Russia and UK. Developing countries like India and China lagged at the tail end then. The Fourth Assessment Report of Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change concluded among other things that "warming of the climate system is unequivocal" and that "anthropogenic warming over the last three decades has likely had discernible influence at the global scale on observed changes in many physical and biological systems." The report also stated that human activities have significant impact on climate change. The Gross Domestic Product is one of the primary indicators calculated to assess the health of a country's economy. It representsthe total dollar value of all goods and services produced over a specific time period. According to the Environment Kuznets hypothesis, environmental pressure increases faster than the income in the early stages of development and slows down relative to GDP growth as higher income levels are reached. The EKC proposes that indicators of environmental degradation first rise, and then fall with increasing income per capita. There are views supporting and criticizing this theory. ... According to the Environment Kuznets hypothesis, environmental pressure increases faster than the income in the early stages of development and slows down relative to GDP growth as higher income levels are reached. The EKC proposes that indicators of environmental degradation first rise, and then fall with increasing income per capita. Environmental Kuznets Curve : Different Scenarios Source: Reference 1 There are views supporting and criticizing this theory. Those views supporting it emphasize that the curve exists though its becoming smaller in nature and shifting to the left(revised EKC) whereas those criticizing it argue that even if certain pollutants are reduced as income increases, industrial society continuously creates new, unregulated and potentially toxic pollutants. In their the curve will rise to a horizontal line at maximum existing pollution levels, as globalization promotes a "race to the bottom" in environmental standards, as shown in Figure In their view, the overall environmental risks from these new pollutants may continue to grow even if some sources of pollution are reduced, as shown by the "new toxics" line in the above figure. The relationship between economic growth and environmental quality has been a source of great controversy for a very long time. Multiple factors contribute to this. The complex nature of GDP calculation, data on environmental quality are patchy themselves and also that though the per capita capability to pay for clean technology increases, it does not necessarily imply a proportionate increase in the willingness to pay. This report makes an attempt to verify the Environmental Kuznets hypothesis while establishing a relation between additional variables like the energy

Hospitality Management Industries Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 3

Hospitality Management Industries - Essay Example The owners of these multi- ethnic restaurants employ restaurant concept known as â€Å"The Whole World on a Plate† concept to run and manage their businesses. This paper, therefore, describes the various components of â€Å"The whole world on a plate† concept, and how it resonates with my personality. â€Å"The whole world on a plate† concept provides a strategy of pilling flavors from different ethnic communities onto a single plate (Enz 67). While many Americans still seek spicy food, it is a fact that the American cuisine taste has been significantly influenced by Old European cuisines like Greek, German, French and Scandinavian (Enz 67). This has led to greater popularity and recognition of many ethnic foods, in most American societies. About 75 percent of Americans is familiar with Indian soul food, Spanish cuisines, Chinese cuisines, French Creole, and German Cajun, amongst other ethnic dishes. The evolving taste of Americans has created a demand for mixed flavors onto a single dish. In this case, different ethnic dish are carefully mixed, in small potions, and served as a single dish. A bite of tarragon mayonnaise, carrot kimchee, and a sandwich of chipotle pork chop burnt with sugar glaze, from these restaurants, leaves a flavor of nixed tastes (Enz 74). Some of th e dishes served in these restaurants include Berry pies from England, rice pudding from Germany, pasta salad from New York, and Russian apple pie (Enz 73). â€Å"The whole world on a plate† concept is mostly applicable for running Casual Restaurants. This is because the mode of serving is casual and the dishes served are cheap. However, buffet style services are deliverable upon request (Enz 116). Casual restaurants cater for both clientele, who dine at the up market, and those who are regulars at the fast food joints. This positions restaurants serving ethnic dishes between fast food joints and up market restaurants. The

Skin and Hair Follicle Essay Example for Free

Skin and Hair Follicle Essay Chemicaally joining two or more atoms forms a Molecule 2. A fuluncle is a localized bacterial infection that produces constant pain of hair Hair follicle 3. Two halves of a styles form a mirror image of one another Symmetical balance 4. Coarse, medium, or fine is classified as Hair texture 5. Hair and nails are an appendage of the skin and are part of what body system Integumenaty system 6. Round shaped pathogenic bacteria that appear singly Cocci 7. The skin that lies beneath the free edge of the nail plate Hyponychium 8. What is the study of small living things, microorganisms Microbiology 9. In basic massage, practitioner should avoid Drain lymph technique 10. Which muscle do you use the most to move hand and fingers Forearms 11. A 90 degree angle haircut will give client Layer 12. To offset a long neck in hair shapping it advisable Leave the hair full at the neck 13. To have a complete full curl, need to roll the rod at least 2 and half rounds 14. To minimize wide set eyes and make them look closer Extend the eyebrow line inside the corner of the eyes 15. What is the ingredient in permanent wave Ammonium thioglycolate 16. Practitioner should wear what type of shoes to avoid hurting Low heels shoes 7. It is best to give treatment before Shampoo 18. Lipstick should applied with Cotton pledged 19. Temporarily hair removing Depilatories 20. When tweezing eyebrow, it should be Fast and follow it grown direction 21. There is a dark area on hair that has been prelighten Lighten the dark area only 22. The guidelines and controls for infection published by the ce mter for disease Universal precaution 23. What color neutralize red Green 24. Which pattern should use in pin curl to avoid split facial hairline Triangle 25. Which skin layer has blood vessels Dermis 26. Which bacteria is known as non-pathogenic Saprophytes 27. All disinfectant must be approved by EPA 28. To avoid overlapping in a tin retouch color the new growth of hair 1/16 inches 29. What subsection for lighter 1/8 30. What guideline is for Establish length 31. Slithering is Cutting hair with thinning shear 32. What is the characteristic of metal brush Transfer and retain heat 33. In permanent wave avoid excessive Ringing 34. To offset a square jaw Direction hair straight to jaw line 35. Chemical relaxer is also called Sodium hydroxide 36. When there is a red boil with redness on the skin it is considered Bacterial infection 37. Which part of the hair follicle help generate hair growth Papilla 8. Combination of finger waving and pin curl is Skip wave 39. The chemical that seal the cuticle to provide lubrication and protection to hair is Sillicones 40. Bacteria are not harmed by disinfectant is Spore-forming stage 41. Draping cape should be coverd over the shampoo chair to prevent Water dripping down to the neck 42. The pin curl that has the least mobility No stem 43. What is the protective covering the body surface Epithelial tissue 44. A wig for men used to coverd the top and crown of the head is Toupee 45. How do you mix the nail polish Roll the bottle between the palm 46. What is the cool primary color Blue 47. Ability of body to destroy invasive agents to enter the body Immunity 48. Moist heat is used for Sterilization 49. The process which cells is produced Mitosis 50. The method of hair extensions required heat from a special tool The fusion bonding 51. Fungus on artificial nail is caused by Water gets in artificial nail 52. Hangnails maybe treated by softening the cuticle with Hot oil 53. What water is allowed shampoo to lather freely on hair Soft water 54. Skill in finger waving is important because The foundation of styling 55. PH in acid-balanced shampoo is Between 4. 5 and 5. 5 56. What is the benefit of scalp massage Increase blood circulation 57. What are substances used to neutralize acids or raised the pH Alkanolamines 58. When doing a facial practitioner should drape the client from Chest down 59. Through light what type of hair is most transparent Straight hair fine hair thining hair 60. When cutting hair if the client chair is too low, practitioner will get Shoulder pain 61. Best thing to do if practitioner noticed an infectious disease on client Prefer to a physician 62. How many nerves are in the arms and wrist?

Computer-Based Training :: Work Job Technology Essays

Computer-Based Training Definition and Descriptions of Computer-Based Training Workers, new or experienced, are constantly needing some kind of education or a new way of doing something in their system. The training usually needs to be done at a convenient time, and in a cost effective and timely manner. This is where computer-based training comes into play. Computer-based training or CBT has been described as a "method that supports and strengthens adult learning†¦ that fosters flexible, self-directed learning techniques" (Sandler, 1998). While working at their own pace, the learners can experience the progress that they are making, while answering the questions at attention level that is suitable to learn the material (Lawson, 1999). Lawson (1999) describes CBT training as the computer is "the trainer" that uses multimedia such as text, video, audio, graphics, and animation. In fact, the computer is said to be the main "powerful and effective tool†¦that can be used, as learning reinforces", and that is used in the CBT world (Blankenhorn, 1999). At this point, the computer, as the technology, and training go synonymously together. Also, both the methods with the computer hardware and software are constantly changing (Forster, 1998). Lawson (1999) also mentions that the CBT can provide different kinds of training for various jobs. People from marketing and sales to manufactures and industrial workers are using CBTs (Sandler, 1998). With CBT, a person in a job, that is offering the CBT training, can do the training when he or she has the time without causing a problem for the company or themselves (Couret, 1999). Computer-based training can be characterized as an information "training system that incorporates a needs assessment on the students, lesson objectives and plans, development of the program, and evaluation and feedback" (Janicak, 1999). These features will be discussed further. CBT has been compared to the traditional approach of training, and there are many features and processes that are different, which will both be discussed. Also, the concerns and positive effects of CBT will be explained. Comparisons of Computer-Based Training and Traditional Training CBT and classroom or traditional training methods are the two main types of training that is compared in most of the literature. Recently studies have shown that CBT is as effective, if not more effective than traditional training. Traditional training can also be called live instruction (Blankenhorn, 1999).

A visit to Seri Kasih Orphanage Home Essay

The first week of the last school holidays was a memorable and meaningful moments for the members of the English Language  Society of SMK Kampung Laut.The society has organized a special trip to Seri Kasih Orphanage Home on May 31st the first day of school holidays at Kampung Delima,Batu 8, Pasir Putih.There were a total of 75 students involved of whom 40 of are male students of form four and five while 35 female students comprising mainly of form 3 and 4 students.There were 4 accompanying teachers,Sir Rosdi,teacheradvisor of SMK Kampung Laut English Language Society,Teacher Madihah,our senior science teacher,Puan Marini,our Bahasa Melayu teacher and finally Mr Kim Lian Hing,our Physical Education  teacher.We started our 45 minutes journey with two special chartered buses sponsored by Dato’ Hj Karim,the chairman of PIBG of SMK Kampung Laut.We reached the orphanage home about 9.15 a.m.  We were greeted by the matron,Puan Seri Hajjah Maimunah and her delegations.The cheerful and estatic feelings of the orphans really touched our hearts.Puan Seri started with a welcoming speech.All eyes were on her and many wiped their tears at the end of her speech when many tragic stories of the orphans were revealed. We could see that there were a strong unity among the 95 orphans and they were really superb on their manners and etiquettes.We just loved the ways they behaved and lived within their circles.Sir Rosdi reciprocated with a short but very meaningful speech and then presented the cheque of RM1000 donated by the students of SMK Kampung Laut. The  morning activities started with a gotong royong project viz cleaning-up of surau and the main hall. The students were made up of 15 groups of 5 students each while some senior orphans were also lending their hands.Then the outdoor programme followed with telematches held for the female students while the male had a friendly volleyball matches. We had a short break at around 11.30a.m and later served with a light  refreshment.  The next programmae started when all the students and the orphans were requested to assemble at Seri Kasih main hall for the talentime show.We were entertained by the hidden talents of the orphans particularly on the group singing of nashid and coral speaking. Some of our students also joined the talent show by presenting some classical and  malay traditional songs aided by 3 plus one music. Then we had our lunch and dzohor prayer at around 1.30 p.m.We were served with very sumptuous and appetizing ikan bakar and beryani rice. Our next programme started at around 2.30 p.m with one hour tuition sessions where our form 4 and 5 students willingly broke up into small groups assisting the form 3 orphans mainly on Mathematics and English subjects. Then our own form 3 students were together with form 1 and 2 orphans discussing on some school works and  assignments.It was indeed a short but very helpful sessions.Most of the orphans were very hardworking and dedicated students.Some of them topped the classes and had flying colours results.  Our last programme was photograpy and souvenirs sessions.We brought beautiful souvenirs and presented to each and every orphans.   They were beaming with joy and many had agreed to treat our senior students as adopted brothers and sisters.Besides we also presented large hampers which consisted of chocolates,biscuits, nuts and fresh fruits.The matron,Puan Seri Hajjah Maimunah  presented her closing speech and invited all of us to come back next year for another great programmes.We left Seri Kasih Orphanage Home at about 4 p.m.Many of us had cherished the good memories and glad that we had performed our social responsibility with the residents of Seri Kasih Orphanage Home.We would certainly love to come back next year with many great programmes in hand.

A Simulation Of Sustainability In Urban Environments Environmental Sciences Essay

In 1987 the World Commission on Environment and Development, ( WCED 1987 ) stated that â€Å" Humanity has the ability to do development sustainable to guarantee that it meets the demands of the present without compromising the ability of future coevalss to run into their ain demands † . There Out of the many definitions of sustainability this profound statement has become the most widely accepted. It is what these demands are, how we impact upon them and how out impact can be measured or assessed that raises the most argument. ( Parkin et al. 2003 ) Sustainability is frequently symbolised utilizing three over lapping circles ( fig 1 ) , stand foring the three facets of sustainability ( society, economic system and environment ) . However this simple diagram over simplifies the complex interactions which occur between the facets and the big figure of indexs which are used to mensurate our impact. Unless these complex interactions are clearly understood by all the stakeholders it would be impossible to to the full measure the sustainability of any development ( Foxon et al. 2002 ) . A figure of determination support tools have been created to help determination shapers in accomplishing sustainable urban developments. There has been immense attempt and resources put into making DSTs, yet despite this most are seldom used due to either the complexness of their operation or the complexness of their end product ( Isaacs et al. 2007 ) . It is hence believed that there is a demand for new determination support tools that can cover with the complexness of urban design and which go beyond the proficient orientation of old tools ( Sahota & A ; Jeffery 2005 ) to enable a robust appraisal of sustainability within the decision-making procedures. Visual image has been used to help determination devising in a figure of Fieldss including increasing the safety and effectivity of oil boring in the oil and gas industry ( Evans et al. 2002 ) , visualizing medical informations ( Fuchs et al. 1989 ) and battlefield simulations ( Hix et al. 1999 ) . Geographic Information systems are presently the most extensively used visual image platform for determination devising. â€Å" GIS is now a standard point in contrivers ‘ tool kits † ( Drummond & A ; Gallic 2008 ) and there are many illustrations its usage in urban planning and determination devising over the last 20 old ages ( Harris & A ; Elmes 1993 ; Stevens et Al. 2007 ; States 2000 ; Shiffer 1998 ; Lodha & A ; Verma 2000 ) . Traditionally GIS provides the user with a synergistic information researching interface which allows them to cover a figure of different maps onto a 2D surface and allows the user to carry on complex geospatial analysis ( Salter et al. 2009 ) . Howe ver it has been shown ( Lowe 2004 ; Lowe 2003 ) that many non-expert stakeholders have great trouble in decoding and understanding scientific shows and maps. Due to its complexness and high acquisition curve GIS requires the user â€Å" to believe like a geographic information scientist † ( Clarke 2001 ) and is still considered to be a hard to utilize, adept tool ( Traynor & A ; Williams 1995 ) . Its usage in determination devising has made it hard for non expert stakeholders, particularly the general populace, to take part to the full in be aftering determinations ( Salter et al. 2009 ; Al-Kodmany 2002 ) . Most GIS systems are purely 2D, covering with geospatial informations being draped over a map or other geographical representation. While experts can imagine the ocular impact of a proposed development from this program view it is really hard for person non trained in the usage of GIS to make this. This can take to non-expert stakeholder non to the full understanding the effects of the determinations being made and go forth them with an unintended positive or negative position of the planned development ( Danahy et al. 1999 ) . 3D representations nevertheless allow users to rapidly recognize the spacial context of the determination and besides to orientate their position of the proposed development ( Danahy et al. 1999 ) . Peoples develop the ability to voyage and visually process 3D representations of urban environments on a bomber witting degree throughout their lives as they walk through existent universe metropoliss ( Charters et al. 2002 ) . This sub witting ability means that t he user will non hold to work to visualize the development but can concentrate on the determination, and the effects of the determination, being made. SCITY VT S-City VT ( sustainable metropolis visual image tool ) is a paradigm determination support application that is designed to let a wider scope of stakeholders input into the sustainability planning procedure by leting the stakeholders to compare different scenarios utilizing a usage designed simulation and visual image engine. Figure 1: Visual image techniques used in S-City VT The visual image engine utilises a split screen rendering attack which allows the user, utilizing any of the techniques, to compare two scenarios side by side throughout the life rhythm of the development. A figure of visual image techniques have been used to expose the consequences of the implicit in simulation engine which allows the user to non merely compare the external visual aspect of the different scenarios but besides the comparative sustainability of each scenario. As already discussed traditional GIS does non supply a realistic physical representation of the metropolis or development being studied. CAD system do enable the creative activity of 3D theoretical accounts which provide the user with a realistic representation of the edifices and the developments ( Al-Kodmany 2002 ) , nevertheless CAD systems provide no ability to cover extra informations and supply small context out with the edifice or country being studied. The visual image engine combines GIS and 3D urban theoretical accounts and embeds the 3D theoretical accounts in the environing landscape to contextualise the urban country that is undergoing sustainability appraisal. The ability to visualize portion of the metropolis that is undergoing the development or regeneration within the wider metropolis context is likely to better battle with the communicating tool and convey a greater degree of engagement from all participants in the planning procedure ( Levy 1995 ) Fig 4: 3D representation of proposed development within the city-wide context. The usage engine allows the user to hold synergistic control enabling the user to see the proposed development from any imaginable point of view. This allows the user to go to the full immersed in the proposed development, to a much greater grade than 2D programs, GIS, or rendered 3D stills. As has already been shown ( Isaacs et al. 2010a ) S City VT provides the user with a feasible representation of the existent development. Design to Virtual RealityBlendingFig 5: Overview of the index blending technique The blending technique, as shown in figure 5, merely takes the all the sustainability steps for each index, calculated by the bomber system and ANP theoretical accounts, unite them into a individual value. This valued is so mapped to a individual coloring material graduated table. The coloring material graduated table used can be selected from a figure of color graduated tables known for their discriminating abilities ( Levkowitz & A ; Herman 1992 ) these include the het object, magenta, local optimised, and spectral. Using the hot-cold graduated table demonstrated in figure 5 a edifice or floor with high comparative sustainability would look blue while a edifice with low sustainability would look ruddy. This method gives a individual index of sustainability and provides the easiest manner of comparing the comparative sustainability of different options or scenarios.WeavingFig 6: Overview of the index weaving technique Whilst the blending technique, combines the index values, the weaving technique ( figure 6 ) efforts to continue some of the implicit in information so that the user can still place which indexs or bunch are doing the greatest consequence ( negative or positive ) on the sustainability of the edifice. The coloring material weaving technique ( Hagh-Shenas et al. 2007 ) uses a different coloring material graduated table for each index ( figure 6 ) to try to continue this information. The colors from each graduated table are so indiscriminately weaved into a hodgepodge like texture which is applied to each floor of the edifice. The size of the squares or spots in the weave can besides be changed depending on the user ‘s penchants. A little spot size will give an overall representation of the sustainability, with darker sunglassess stand foring low sustainability and lighter sunglassess stand foring higher sustainability. A larger spot size will let user to place rapidly which colou rs stand out the most, and hence which indexs are holding the greatest impact.Traditional Graphical TechniquesRadar graphs, figure 7, let the stakeholder to compare the sustainability of different edifices based on the index values. The form, size, coloring material and point values will be different for each edifice leting a elaborate comparing. Fig7: Comparision of scenarios utilizing traditional radio detection and ranging graphs and coloring material weaving. Parallel coordinates allow the user to compare all index values for all the edifices in a scenario ( fihure 8 ) . Buildings can be selected and their hint in the graph is highlighted. The colors in the graph correspond to those in the blending technique. Fig 8: Parallel co-ordinate graph for sample development. Simple temporal graphs secret plan the all the index values over the life clip of the development. These allow the user to place the interconnectivity of the indexs and to place where and why sudden alterations occur ( figure 9 ) . Fig 9: Index graph demoing alterations in 6 indexs over clip.Real Time SimulationThe index patterning involves developing bomber theoretical accounts that define how each of the indexs vary over infinite and clip. The S-City VT application is built utilizing a modular model supplying flexibleness and leting index theoretical accounts to be changed. For the paradigm application six sustainability index theoretical accounts ( credence, lodging proviso, energy efficiency, noise pollution, employment and economic benefit ) have been developed four of which are described below:Energy EfficiencyThe energy efficiency theoretical account is based on the Nation Calculation Method ( NCM ) which is the industry criterion leting energy efficiency of edifices to be determined ( BRE 2009 ) . The NCM method takes into history a broad scope of factors, including figure of room accesss, Windowss glazing type, exterior building, figure of floors etc, to bring forth a metric depicting the energy effici ency the edifice. A NCM study was developed utilizing the NCM tool, stand foring the typical edifices in the development for a figure of different options including external visual aspect and different mixes of edifice usage. Fig2: Graph demoing temporal alterations in sustainability index due monthly energy fluctuations. This information is input to the energy efficiency theoretical account and attenuated with the temporal energy ingestion informations ( BIS 2009 ) which reflects how the energy usage of the edifices change depending on the clip of twelvemonth. ( fig 2 ) shows how the sustainability index alterations as a map of clip for a 2 different constructing types with different utilizations ( glass, commercial and brick, residential ) .Noise PollutionThe noise theoretical account calculates the degrees of traffic noise geting at each edifice and can besides cipher the proportion of people that will happen certain degrees of noise a nuisance. Datas about the jutting traffic flows for the waterfront development were sourced from Dundee metropolis councils Dundee Waterfront Traffic & A ; Signing Report ( White Young Green 2007 ) . For each route in the proposed development a noise degree is calculated utilizing its projected hourly traffic flow. Using a map provided in CRT ( 1988 ) , ( equation 1 ) this traffic flow can be transformed into a noise degree which corresponds to how loud, in dBs ( dubnium ( A ) ) , the traffic noise is if the hearer were standing about 10 meters off from the route side. equation 1 A noise degree associated at each edifice based on the traffic volume is calculated based on the shortest distance ( vitamin D ) between the noise beginning ( route ) and the edifice utilizing Euclidean geometry. The sound degree emanating from each route is obtained by rectifying the basic noise degree utilizing equation 2. The equation besides includes the tallness ( H ) of the hearer which is changeless in these computations. ( CRTN 1988 ) equation 2 To find the entire noise degree received by the edifice the corrected noise from each route must be summed over n roads in the development ( equation 3 ) equation 3 Each edifice will now hold a noise degree value stand foring the entire degree of noise associated with that edifices location in relation to the roads and their projected traffic flows. Our sustainability step is achieved by normalizing the noise degree ( 0-100 graduated table as before ) and using a non additive map ( equation 4 ( Highways Agency 1994 ) ) , this calculates the per centum of people that will be bothered by a specific degree of noise. equation 4Economic BenefitThe economic theoretical account utilises a discounted hard currency flow computation to find the worth of a edifices current hard currency flow for a specific point in clip. The computation uses a price reduction rate which allows the hard currency flows to be discounted back to their present worth. equation 5 Where CF = hard currency flow for that twelvemonth. R = price reduction rate for that twelvemonth. t = the twelvemonth. In the equation the capital cost for the building of the first edifice is represented by CF0. Capital costs of subsequent edifices will be discounted to this point clip. e.g. the capital cost of a edifice built two old ages after the initial edifice would be discounted utilizing. Each edifice in the simulation has a site readying and building stage, during this clip the hard currency flow in for that period is taken every bit 0 as the edifice would non yet be sold or rented. The simulation is able to reflect the differences between hard currency flows for rented and sold edifices. Buildings which are sold will take a big income at the point of sale. As the edifice has been sold farther hard currency flows for this edifice will be 0. The price reduction factor will besides use to the sale income so for two edifices of tantamount value, a edifice sold in twelvemonth one will hold a higher present value than constructing sold in twelvemonth 10. As the edifice has been sold the upkeep and care of the edifice will be borne by the purchaser and so it non modelled here. Buildings which are rented will take a smaller income every twelvemonth. Rented edifices may hold a rent free period, to promote renters, and will hold a laic period between rentals, during these tim es the hard currency flow for that period will be 0. A price reduction factor is applied to the annual income to find its present value, once more based on the building twelvemonth of the first building.. Fig 3: PV for a individual edifice, built in twelvemonth 0, demoing differences between leased and sold income with different price reduction rates. The initial cost of the edifices are calculated utilizing the edifice type ( e.g. residential, commercial, retail, societal ) and the cost per square meter for that type of edifice. The income from sale or rent is similarly calculated utilizing the jutting income for that type of edifice. These values were sourced from the SET economic study on the waterfront development ( Buchanan 2006 ) . The maximal and minimal valleies are so mapped onto 0 100 and linearly interpolated.CredenceAcceptance corresponds to the credence of possible edifice utilizations within the development. The masterplan for Dundee has been developed and it was possible through treatment with Dundee council to find the possible edifice utilizations which are under reappraisal and included commercial office infinite, retail units, cafe/bar/restaurant and residential infinite. The edifice usage study used a superior system where the participant was asked to rank possible edifice utilizations in order of penchant. If the participant had no penchant between the edifice uses at each rank the proportions chosen at each rank would be equal. To find if this is the instance Friedman trial was performed utilizing SPSS on the average rank of each edifice usage, with the void hypothesis being that the average ranks will be equal. Ranks Mean Rank Commercial 3.37 Retail 2.51 Leisure 1.54 Residential 2.58 Test Statistics a Sample Size 106 Chi-Square 107.264 df 3 Significance. .000 a. Friedman Test The consequences of the Friedman trial show that there is a important difference ( p & lt ; 0.001 ) between how the users ranked the different edifice utilizations. Combined with post-hoc analysis of the consequences it is possible to pattern the acceptableness edifice uses in the undermentioned order ; Leisure ( highest ranked ) , Retail & A ; Residential ( equal ranked ) and Commercial ( Lowest Ranked ) . To make a sustainability index for the acceptableness of each edifice these rankings are mapped onto a 0-100 graduated table, with Leisure at 100 ( highest sustainability ) , Retail & A ; Residential at 50 and Commercial ( lowest sustainability ) at 0.MULTICRITERIA OPINION ANALYSISOne of the jobs with traditional sustainability appraisal is affecting the positions and experiences of a broad scope of stakeholders ( ( Isaacs et al. 2010b ) , . Many of the traditional methods of aggregating index values, such as Multi Attribute Utility Theory ( MAUT ) , lack transparence go forthing the users in a place where they do non to the full understand how the resulting weightings have been derived ( Dodgson et al. 2009 ; Paracchini et Al. 2008 ) . The Analytic Network Process ( ANP ) method uses synergistic web constructions which give a more holistic representation of the overall job ( Saaty 2006 ) . Components of the job are connected, as appropriate, in braces with directed lines imitating the influence of one constituent over another. The constituents in a web may besides be regarded as elements that interact and influence each other in respect to a specific property. ( Saaty 2006 ) . To execute a ANP analysis the determination shaper must place the web through analysis of the job to be solved. The determination shaper must place the bunchs, elements and the relationships and interactions between them ( Bottero et al. 2007 ) . Once the determination shaper has constructed the web to be analysed they must now make a supermatrix depicting the interactions defined in the theoretical account ( Gencer and Gurpinar 2007 ) . The supermatrix is created utilizing the cardinal graduated table and pair-wise method every interaction is described in footings of every component it interacts with ( Saaty 1999 ) . Once this has been completed the normalised eigenvector calculated from the matrix will give the determination shaper the normalised prioritised list of elements. ANP allows cross-cluster interactions every bit good as inter-relationships between elements.. It is structured of course and allows for a more realistic representation of the job, but its chief strength lies in supplying the user with the ability to include their ain personal cognition and sentiments about an interaction through the usage of pair-wise comparings ( Saaty 2006, ; Bottero et Al. 2007 ) . The prioritised list of elements which are derived from the ANP analysis are used in the 3D visual image to supply the user with a individual of sustainability index if required. Al-Kodmany, K. ( 2002 ) Visual image tools and methods in community planning: from freehand studies to practical world. Journal of be aftering Literature, 17 ( 2 ) , p. 189. Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //jpl.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/17/2/189. BIS ( 2009 ) Energy Consumption in the UK. Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //bis.ecgroup.net/Publications/EnergyClimateChangeDECC/EnergyStatistics.aspx. BRE ( 2009 ) National Calculation Method, Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.ncm.bre.co.uk/ . Buchanan, C. ( 2006 ) Dundee Central Waterfront: Market Appraisal and Economic Impact Assessment. , 1. CRTN ( 1988 ) Calculation of Road Traffic Noise Department Of Transport, London: HMSO. Charters, S.M. , Knight, C. , Thomas, N. & A ; Munro, M. ( 2002 ) Visual image for informed determination devising ; from codification to constituents. In ACM New York, NY, USA, pp. 765-772. Clarke, K.C. ( 2001 ) Geting started with geographic information systems, Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ. Danahy, J. , Spiller, R. & A ; Verlag, W. ( 1999 ) Visualization Data Needs in Urban Environmental Planning and Design. Landscape Research. Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary? doi=10.1.1.3.9259. Dodgson, J. , Spackman, M. , Pearman, A. & A ; Phillips, L. ( 2009 ) Multi-criteria analysis: a manual, London: Department for Communities and Local Government. Drummond, W. & A ; French, S. ( 2008 ) The Future of GIS in Planning: Converging Technologies and Diverging Interests. Journal of the American Planning Association, 74 ( 2 ) , pp. 161-174. Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.informaworld.com/openurl? genre=article & A ; doi=10.1080/01944360801982146 & A ; magic=crossref||D404A21C5BB053405B1A640AFFD44AE3. Evans, F. , Volz, W. , Dorn, G. , Frohlich, B. & A ; Roberts, D.M. ( 2002 ) Future trends in oil and gas visual image. In VIS '02: Proceedings of the conference on Visualization '02. Washington, DC, USA: IEEE Computer Society, pp. 567-570. Foxon, T. , McIlkenny, G. , Gilmour, D. , Oltean-Dumbrava, C. , Souter, N. , Ashley, R. , Butler, D. , Pearson, P. , Jowitt, P. & A ; Moir, J. ( 2002 ) Sustainability standards for determination support in the UK H2O industry. Journal of Environmental Planning and Management, 45 ( 2 ) , p. 285-301. Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.ingentaconnect.com/content/routledg/cjep/2002/00000045/00000002/art00007. Fuchs, H. , Levoy, M. & A ; Pizer, S.M. ( 1989 ) Interactive visual image of 3D medical informations. Computer, 22 ( 8 ) , pp. 46-51. Hagh-Shenas, H. , Kim, S. , Interrante, V. & A ; Healey, C. ( 2007 ) Weaving versus blending: a quantitative appraisal of the information transporting capacities of two alternate methods for conveying multivariate informations with colour. IEEE minutess on visual image and computing machine artworks, 13 ( 6 ) , pp. 1270-7. Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17968074. Harris, T. & A ; Elmes, G. ( 1993 ) The application of GIS in urban and regional planning: a reappraisal of the North American experience. Applied Geography, pp. 9-27. Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/014362289390077E. Highways Agency ( 1994 ) Design Manual for Roads and Bridges. Volume, 11 ( August ) . Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //scholar.google.com/scholar? hl=en & A ; btnG=Search & A ; q=intitle: DESIGN+MANUAL+FOR+ROADS+AND+BRIDGES # 3. Hix, D. , Swan, J. , Gabbard, J. , McGee, M. , Durbin, J. & A ; King, T. ( 1999 ) User-centered design and rating of a real-time battleground visual image practical environment. Proceedings IEEE Virtual Reality ( Cat. No. 99CB36316 ) ( Figure 1 ) , pp. 96-103. Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //ieeexplore.ieee.org/lpdocs/epic03/wrapper.htm? arnumber=756939. Isaacs, J. , Blackwood, D. , Falconer, R. & A ; Gilmour, D. ( 2007 ) The function of visual image in effectual sustainability appraisal. In M. Horner, C. Hardcastle, A. Price, & A ; J. Bebbington International Conference on Whole Life Urban Sustainability and its Assessment. Glasgow: Glasgow Caledonian university. Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //download.sue-mot.org/Conference-2007/Papers/Isaacs.pdf. Isaacs, J. , Falconer, R. , Gilmour, D. & A ; Blackwood, D. ( 2010 ) Enhancing urban sustainability utilizing 3D visual image. Proceedings Of The Institution Of Civil Engineers, p. IN PRESS. Isaacs, J. , Falconer, R. , Gilmour, D. & A ; Blackwood, D. ( 2010 ) Sustainable urban developments: stakeholder battle through 3d visual image. In Continuing of the 11th IASTED International Conference Computer Graphics and Imaging. Innsbruck: IASTED, pp. 265-271. Levkowitz, H. & A ; Herman, G. ( 1992 ) Color graduated tables for image informations. IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications ( Cgim ) , p. 72-80. Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.computer.org/portal/web/csdl/doi/10.1109/38.135886. Levy, R. ( 1995 ) Visual image of urban options. Environment and Planning B, 22, p. 343-343. Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //envplan.com/epb/fulltext/b22/b220343.pdf. Lodha, S.K. & A ; Verma, A.K. ( 2000 ) Spatio-temporal visual image of urban offenses on a GIS grid. In ACM New York, NY, USA, pp. 174-179. Lowe, R. ( 2003 ) Animation and acquisition: selective processing of information in dynamic artworks. Learning and Instruction, 13 ( 2 ) , pp. 157-176. Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S095947520200018X. Lowe, R. ( 2004 ) Question of a dynamic visual image during larning. Learning and Instruction, 14 ( 3 ) , pp. 257-274. Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0959475204000313. Paracchini, M.L. , Pacini, C. , Calvo, S. & A ; Vogt, J. ( 2008 ) Weighting and collection of indexs for sustainability impact appraisal in the SENSOR context. In Sustainability Impact Assessment of Land Use Changes. Berlin: Springer, pp. 349-372. Parkin, S. , Sommer, F. & A ; Uren, S. ( 2003 ) Sustainable development: understanding the construct and practical challenge. Engineering Sustainability, 156 ( 1 ) , p. 19-26. Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.atypon-link.com/telf/doi/abs/10.1680/ensu.156.1.19.37055. Salter, J.D. , Campbell, C. , Journeay, M. & A ; Sheppard, S.R. ( 2009 ) The digital workshop: researching the usage of synergistic and immersive visual image tools in participatory planning. Journal of environmental direction, 90 ( 6 ) , pp. 2090-101. Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18558460. Shiffer, M. ( 1998 ) Multimedia GIS for be aftering support and public discourse. Cartography and Geographic Information Science, 25 ( 2 ) , p. 89-94. Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.ingentaconnect.com/content/acsm/cagis/1998/00000025/00000002/art00004. States, U. ( 2000 ) A Summary of Models for Measuring the Land-Use Patterns. Environmental Protection ( September ) . Stevens, D. , Dragicevic, S. & A ; Rothley, K. ( 2007 ) iCity: A GIS-CA modeling tool for urban planning and determination devising. Environmental Modelling & A ; Software, 22 ( 6 ) , pp. 761-773. Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1364815206000582. Traynor, C. & A ; Williams, M.G. ( 1995 ) Why are geographic information systems hard to utilize? In CHI '95: Conference comrade on Human factors in calculating systems. New York, NY, USA: ACM, pp. 288-289. WCED ( 1987 ) Our common hereafter. Members of the Comission. Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //scholar.google.com/scholar? hl=en & A ; btnG=Search & A ; q=intitle: Our+Common+Future # 0. White Young Green ( 2007 ) Traffic Signalling Modelling Report. Traffic ( March ) .

Jim Crow Law Paper Essays

Jim Crow Law Paper Essays Jim Crow Law Paper Essay Jim Crow Law Paper Essay The Jim Crow Laws were as discriminatory as it gets when it came to race, as it separated what it considered inferior races from the white race. Of course, this was predominantly, but not limited to, a Southern set of laws that were enacted due to the freeing of slaves after the Civil War. For one to get prospective on this subject, it is essential to go back to the origin of said laws and why they were enacted to begin with. According to The History of Jim Crow (N.D), â€Å"More than 400 state laws, constitutional amendments, and city ordinances legalizing segregation and discrimination were passed in the United States between 1865 and 1967,† (Para. 1). The severity of anti-black laws was apparent in how some of these laws were written and interpreted. One such law enacted read as such, â€Å"A Black male could not offer his hand (to shake hands) with a White male because it implied being socially equal. Obviously, a Black male could not offer his hand or any other part of h is body to a White woman, because he risked being accused of rape,† (Pilgrim, Sept, Para. ). The Negro race was considered to be not only inferior to the White race, but nothing more than animals to an extent. This was evident in the fact that they were being treated as if they could not make rational decisions, much like an animal, which would do anything to get what it wanted. These types of laws were enacted in order to keep the White race pure and untainted, less the American population become corrupt and diminished in every aspect of humanity (not my belief).There were many ways in which the African-American population was affected due to the Jim Crow Laws, such as segregated schools, segregated transportation, segregated eating establishments, separation of White women and Black males, and no rights while driving in a heavily white populated area. It seemed that the African-American was nothing more than subhuman at best; left to pick up whatever the White race would let them have. The absence of these fundamental rights kept the African-American population in the dark educationally, politically, socially, and economically.This type of treatment eventually led to a movement, which would eventually establish rights for the African-American population. Ida B. Wells is one of the most influential African-American women in all of United States history, as she not only stood up for the rights of her people, but for that of women as well. Born in 1862, Ida was a part of an enslaved family of nine, which soon became six after a Yellow Fever epidemic took the lives of her â€Å"parents and youngest sibling,† (Baker, April 1996, para. ). Once this took place, it pushed her to step up and take care of her family, thus creating a fearless woman who would eventually take the plight of African-Americans to new heights. One of her first fights was over the seat she had onboard a train, which she was ordered to give up for a white man to have a seat, this eventually led to her being forcefully being removed from her seat and landed in her in court to plead her case of equal rights.Though she won her first case, the Supreme Court of Tennessee overturned the lower court ruling and thus created a cascade of events led by Ida for not only African-American rights, but that of gender as well. Another great African-American who got the attention of a nation was Booker T. Washington. According to Bio. True Story (1994), â€Å"Booker T. Washington was the dominant figure in the African American community in the United States from 1890 to 1915,† (Para. 1). Born a slave, Washington understood the plight of post slaves and the African-American populace and thus became one of the most influential rights activists of all time.Washington’s main theme, or idea, was that education would be the key to African-American success in the United States, and before dying, he had established a well ran school for Blacks at Tuskegee that schooled more than 1500 students. Later, a man by the name of W. E. B. Du Bois would come along and take the fight deeper into the core of fundamental rights in the United States. Not only would he take the fight in a different direction, he would turn his back on the principles handed down through Booker T. Washington. Booker T.Washington was a pacifist of sorts, while Du Bois was more of a controversialist. It was the mentality of Du Bois, who had studied Sociology for numerous years, that respect and equality for African-Americans would only come through strife, thus inciting riots and protests. After looking at the types of mentalities associated with the struggle for equality, one can only surmise that African-Americans took many approaches towards equal rights. One of which would be protests, displayed by Rosa Parks, who, in protest, would not give up her seat and go sit in the Black section.Then there was Martin Luther King, who led marches and gave speeches to anyone who would liste n. Every move pushed for equality and the right to live like the white populace. Today, we can see the hard work of all those, black, or white, who contributed to the joint venture we now embrace today, as all races in the United States strive towards the same goals.References Baker, L. D. (April 1996). Ida B. Wells-Barnett and Her Passion for Justice. Retrieved from http:// duke. edu/~ldbaker/classes/AAIH/caaih/ibwells/ibwbkgrd. html Bio. True Story. 1994-2011). Booker T. Washington Biography. Retrieved from biography. com/people/booker-t-washington-9524663 Davidson, J. , Gienapp, W. , Heyrman, C. , Lytle, M. , Stoff, M. (2006). Nation of nations: A concise narrative of the American Republic (4th ed. ). Boston, MA: McGraw Hill. Pilgrim, D. (Sept. 2000). What Was Jim Crow? Retrieved from ferris. edu/jimcrow/what. htm The History of Jim Crow. (N. D. ). Jim Crow Legislation Overview. Retrieved from jimcrowhistory. org/resources/lessonplans/hs_es_jim_crow_laws. htm

Achilles Tendon

The Achilles tendon is a tough band of threadlike tissue that connects the calf muscles to the heel bone. The Achilles tendon is also called the calcaneal tendon. The calf muscles unite into one band of tissue, which becomes the Achilles tendon at the low end of the calf. The Achilles tendon then inserts into the heel bone. Small sacs of fluid called bursa cushion the Achilles tendon at the heel. The Achilles tendon is the largest and strongest tendon in the body. When the calf on our toes when walking, running, or jumping. Despite its strength, the Achilles tendon is also vulnerable to injury, due to its limited blood supply and the high tensions placed on it. Achilles tendon injuries are common in people who participate in these sports such as running, gymnastics, dance, football, baseball, softball, basketball, tennis, and volleyball. An Achilles tendon injury might be caused by overuse. Stepping up your level of physical activity too quickly. Not stretching enough before exercise. Wearing high heels, which increase the stress on the tendon. Problems with the feet. An Achilles tendon injury can result from flat feet, also known as fallen arches. In this condition, the impact of a step causes the arch of your foot to collapse, stretching the muscles and tendons. Muscles or tendons in the leg that are too tight. Rest your Achilles tendon. Avoid all activities that strain the tendon, such as stair climbing or running. While allowing your tendon the days, weeks, or months it needs to heal, try other activities, such as  swimming. Reduce pain by icing your Achilles tendon and taking nonprescription pain relievers. Follow your physical therapy  program if one has been prescribed for you, and do gentle stretching and strengthening exercises, especially focusing on  calf stretches. Do not smoke or use other tobacco products. Smoking slows healing, because it decreases  blood supply. Wear footwear that protects the tendon while it is healing. Quality athletic shoes that support your arches and cushion your heels can make a big difference in your daily comfort and the healing process. If needed, talk to your physical therapist  about heel pads. A bandage that keeps your foot  flexed can restrict the motion of the Achilles tendon. A silicone sleeve or pad can distribute pressure on the Achilles tendon.

Global strategy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 1

Global strategy - Essay Example The legal status and necessary accreditations of the institute has been mentioned in the business plan. The plan elaborates on the management processes and the setting up of various departments in the institute. The market situation in terms of prospect for the business school has been analysed. A suitable marketing strategy has been formulated keeping in mind the market situation. The marketing plan involving the implementation of the marketing strategies has been discussed. The marketing plan elaborates on how the business school hopes to reach out to their target customer and handle the competition. The sales target and forecast has been discussed. The prerequisites for setting up the institute in terms of operational requirements, licensing, establishing supplier relationship and insurance needs have been discussed. The present and the future financial scenario of the business school have been analysed in the plan. The plan has explored the scope in the education market through a n internal and external environment analysis. The plan includes a SWOT and PEST analysis. The business risks associated with setting up the business school has been discussed. The business school in the long run is expected to yield significant profits to shareholders. The primary aim of the new business is to initially establish itself as a reputed Business School in UK. The business school has a global approach and will allow admission to students from other countries as well. They plan to later open subsidiaries in other countries. The initial focus is on attracting students from Australia and United States of America. The number of students opting for higher education has increased in UK. Consequently there is a need for Business schools which can provide quality education (Fry, 2009). The Director of the business school has an experience of twenty years in the UK educational system and his

Compare and Contrast Dr. Martin Luther King and Malcolm X Essay

Compare and Contrast Dr. Martin Luther King and Malcolm X - Essay Example The Martin Luther king’s dream was wide; it included poverty and what he called â€Å"militarism†. Today, Luther King is known for his tremendous efforts against racial discrimination. As much as King fought against racial discrimination, it is vast and complex, and cannot be treated as a single subject. This is because it included the social, education, political and economic discrimination of Black people in America. In 1962, King, On behalf of the Black community, made an appeal to President Kennedy to complete his work of giving freedom to the Black community (Schlueter 60). However, because Martin Luther King came from a background of loving parents and later Christian leader, he preached peaceful demonstrations in all the campaigns he was involved in. America will remember Dr. Luther, for his peaceful movements such as Black Civil Rights Bill enforcement as well as Supreme Court Ruling against the laws of Jim Crow. His major strategy was peaceful protesting; mostl y inspired by the teachings of Mahatma Gandhi. In this various speeches, Luther, created an image of an activist of peace across the United States (Schlueter 70 -77). Malcolm X was a frustrated person from his childhood age until his times of changing America’s ideology about African-Americans. Malcolm sought refuge in Islamic nations and used the same to protest in his campaign against racism. In his protest, he did not preach for peaceful demonstration, but, taught the Black people to use anything in their power to reject racism. Unlike Luther King, Malcolm X disliked white people because of their oppressiveness especially the poor Black poor people in the ‘ghetto’ (Ladenburg 31). However, Malcolm X, just like Luther King, wanted to end racism and the best for the Black community. Before Martin Luther began his journey to fleeing his fellow Black from racial segregation, ‘Negros’ had no rights to vote or register

Leadership and Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Leadership and Management - Essay Example It is true that earlier organizations concentrated in organization structures that concentrated on limited approaches. This has been a challenge and it is time that organization and management went on a broader front. This can and only is doable by doing a comparison of the available different approaches of organization and management available alongside a thorough study of different types of organizations, their structures and management styles employed (Jones & George, 2011). The identification of the organization type is something that is of utmost fundamental. In earnest organizations exists in four major types, which defines the culture and structure to be employed by an organization. Organization type is determined using Organizational Culture Assessment Instrument (OCAI), which measures organization type based on ratio vs. flexibility and internal vs. external ratios. In this context, we have hierarchical organizations, which are majorly bureaucratic in nature and quite effect ive in relatively stable environments. Then exists a market organization is applicable in highly competitive environments and adopts task culture. The third is a family organization; this form is family based, employs professional bureaucracy, teamwork, and advocates for norms and values. We also have the adhocracy, which is a form developed out of inventions and innovation, its outstanding character is a combination of both task and personal cultures (Jones & George, 2011). For the organization to function properly, the structure in place should be supportive of the type of organization. Organization structures are the established patterns of relationships of the components and aspects of the organization. Tasks are done in relation to controls, coordination and motivation of employees in the formal systems (Jones & George, 2011). Good organization structures results into outputs of the organization hence achievements of the aims and goals of the organization. Therefore, organizati on culture can be compared to the skeleton in the human body. Organization type, combined within the right structure and crowned with the relevant management style is a complete and successful organization. There are varieties of management styles that can be employed in any form of formal organization. They range from autocratic all the way to the participative and democratic styles, which are the most applicable in today’s organizations (Jones & George, 2011). There are many ways of categorizing approaches to organization; the earliest with limited variety of options is the classical approach. Others approaches would entail, human relations, systems and contingency approaches, apart from these, other like decision making, social action and postmodernism are also given consideration. In this case, we would look at the classical approach; this approach simply views an organization in terms of the purpose and the formal structure of the organization. This form of approach look s at an organization in strict senses in terms of work being planned, organizational technical requirements, the principles of management developed and applied and finally the assumptions that are based on logics and rationality in behavior of the stakeholders. The reason for the formation of an organization is the core towards understanding how an organization works; it again helps in understanding the components of the organiza

Movement from Byzantine Period to Early Renaissance Style

Movement from Byzantine Period to Early Renaissance Style The transition from the Byzantine period to the early Renaissance as seen through the works of Duccio Contents (Jump to) Abstract Introduction Literature Review Chapter One:   Madonna of the Franciscans and The Rucellai Madonna Chapter Two:   Madonna and Child and Maestà  , Conclusions and Recommendations Bibliography Abstract The purpose of this study is to assess the rationale for accepting the notion that the works of the Italian painter Duccio di Buoninsegna have made a significant impact on the way in which the transition from Byzantine to Renaissance styles can be determined. The dissertation focuses its attention in particular on the period in the region between 1270 to 1311 in which time Duccio was commissioned to paint a number of significant and high profile works; namely Madonna of the Franciscans, The Rucellai Madonna, Madonna and Child and Maestà  . Using these four masterpieces as the basis for analyzing their use of form, composition and the subtle influences of a much more realistic and humanistic quality. This will be compared to Duccio’s innovative relationship with the Renaissance period in contradiction to the somewhat basic style more associated with the Byzantine era that he was working in. Introduction It is important perhaps to begin with an overall definition of what is meant by Byzantine and Renaissance painting in order to put the context of where the artist Duccio resides in this discussion. The Byzantine art movement was active from the period spanning the 5th century AD to 1453 during the time when the Byzantine Empire was the most dominant. The period was centered on the Orthodox Church and featured painted icons, and decorative churches with mosaics and frescoes. With the fall of Constantinople (Istanbul today) to the Turks in 1453, the Byzantine style also ended. This occurred during the European Renaissance era but the influence of Byzantine art remained strong in Russia, and other areas where the Orthodox Church was influential. The Byzantine style essentially grew out of traditional designs involving saints and biblical stories as well as religious symbolic decoration. Figures represented in this period do not have natural forms with human figures depicted as unnaturally long, any emotion portrayed is limited formal and still, and the facial expressions are conventional and one dimensional. The most prominent figures to be painted during this era are representat ions of Christ and the Virgin Mary, the apostles, the saints, Bishops and angels.’ The political structure of the period revolved around the emperor who was believed to be divinely appointed by God. Art played a large role in visualizing his powers with images of gods, goddesses, cherubs, and personifications of virtues’. Most historians believe that the birth of the Renaissance occurred in Florence, Italy during the fifteenth century, but the new movement can be seen to have been growing and developing at least a century before this. Evidence to back this theory up will be presented throughout this paper. In particular the most well known f these painters is Gioto, who is referred to in a number of instances within the body of this text. He introduced an early three dimensional quality to his work; however the perspective was inaccurate and unsophisticated, a little like that of Duccio, with figures in paintings often hovering in space in a shallow depth of field. The Oxford English dictionary definition for Renaissance is The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Art and Artists ‘ATerm meaning ‘rebirth’ applied to an intellectual and artistic movement that began in Italy in the 14th century, culminated there in the 16th century, and influenced other parts of Europe in a great variety of ways. The notion of a rebirth refers to a revival of the values of the classical world, and the concept was used as early as the 15th century, by Italians who thought they were living at a time when the qualities of ancient art and literature were blossoming anew after centuries of barbarism. In the following century Vasari gave the idea of such a revival a systematically developed form; he thought that art had declined in the Middle Ages, had been set once again on its true path by Giotto, and had risen to its greatest heights in the work of his friend and hero Michelangelo. To modern historians this picture seems much too simplistic, and the Renaissance is seen more as a period of gradual change than as a sudden break with the past. Nevertheless, the inte llectuals of the Renaissance were the first people to conceive a period identity for themselves, and this in itself gives the label certain coherence. Scholars may debate endlessly over the exact interpretation of many aspects of the period, but in the general historical scheme of things, the Renaissance has come to represent the time when ‘Medieval’ turns into ‘Modern’ and the religion-dominated world of the Middle Ages gives way to a culture more concerned with the individual.’ Although both terms have many connotations attached to them and a broad scope of other historical references and intricate philosophies and ideologies; for the purposes of this study they will be referred to in terms of their transcendence from flat, one dimensional religious iconographic paintings to the emergence of a humanistic and realistic portrayal of people, architecture and other living things providing a mathematical approach to composition and a clarity of realism. There is little documented information relating to Duccios life and career. In large part his life can only be reconstructed, taken from the evidence of those works that have been confirmed as his own. The use of a new stylistic approach provides enough evidence to support the rationale that he was painting in accordance with very early Renaissance tendancies.Duccio is first mentioned in 1278, when the treasurer of the commune of Siena commissioned him to decorate 12 strongboxes for documents. The fact that he was officially self-employed as a painter demonstrates that he was a mature and independent artist quite early on. (Jannella, 1991) In 1280 Duccio was fined the considerable sum of 100 lire by the commune of Siena for an unspecified case of misconduct. The number of fines documented throughout Duccio’s life suggests that he was a restless and tempestuous character. Three predominant shifts took place during the Middle Ages which would drastically change the course of Western Civilization. These included: The movement of cultural leadership from the Mediterranean to France, Germany and the British Isles. Paganism and barbarism was replaced by a new found appreciation of Christianity The ideology of the here and now moved to thinking about the hereafter. Consequently the body was seen as not so much beautiful but as corrupt With the new emphasis on religion, nudes were forbidden. Medieval artists were concerned with the soul and instructing new believers in the church. Art then became somewhat of a servant to the church. Medieval Art consisted of three styles; Byzantine, Ranesque and Gothic. Duccio’s work is often categorised as Byzantine or Gothic. The central tradition of Byzantine Art was located at the heart of Constantinople. The prevailing view of Byzantine Art is that it was highly true to nature, although contemporary academics criticise the aesthetic value of it, with flat surfaces and little realism, its ‘reverse perspective radiating composition disregard for scale and depth etc’. And that the main purpose of artistic expression was for images to serve and elevate people’s minds to immaterial realities. Although Byzantine Art is considered more Abstract than realistic. During the early 1400’s the World began to appreciate a broader alternative to artistic elements and influences. From Florence in Italy the new cultural appreciation spread to Rome and Venice and after 1500 throughout the whole of Europe. This new Renaissance can be attributed to the increased awareness and interest in the art and literature of Greece and Rome – the natural world, realism and the science of the human body. Anatomy was studied and reflected in the way in which artists started to paint people. The attributes of the natural world, realism and the science of the human body were now being contemplated. In addition the Protestant Reformation also decreased the emphasis on how religion and the church were perceived. Before the Renaissance and Reformation, pious images were treated not as ‘art’ so much, but as objects of worship which possessed the physical presence of the Holy. During this period the concept of Perspective was recognised and changed the whole visual interpretation of art. The illusion of creating depth on a flat surface was discovered and objects could be seen to be receding in the distance. Even the materials changed from wooden panels and fresco plasterwork to stretched canvases. By the end of the 13century a birth of technically skilled painting emerged and one of those pioneers was Duccio who managed to break down the rigid Byzantine style, replacing it with a softer and more lifelike form. One doctrine cited in this paper is that of the Sienese School. To briefly explain The Sienese School of painting flourished in Siena in Italy Siena, most documented between the 13th and 15th centuries. For a time including Duccio this rivaled work coming out of Florence. Although it is true to mention that it was more conservative and is more frequently associated with Gothic Art. Its most important members include Duccio, his pupil Simone Martini, the Lorezetti brothers, Domenico, Taddeo di Bartolo and Matteo di Giovanni, amongst lesser known others. . In Owen’s The Florentine and Sienese Renaissance: A monopsonistic explanation we are reminded that Historians have long been fascinated by the origins of the Renaissance and that ‘For art historians this fascination has appeared in investigations of the prominence of Florence in artistic development or comparisons of Florentine, Venetian, and Northern artistic Renaissance movements. It considers the question of how the arts flourished so creatively in Florence rather than anywhere else. Declaring that ‘Florentine artists have dominated the course of artistic development for 300 years in a straight line from Giotto to Michelangelo’. It then begins to address the obvious influence which is attached to other European cities, most notably Siena. A city located less than forty miles from Florence which developed its own painting tradition and produced the Siena School. It can be argued that this school despite being innovative and receiving such early practitione rs of Renaissance influence like Duccio it bypassed mainstream artistic developments that were forming in other cities such as Florence. One scholar notes ‘.had this Sienese school not arisen we should have seen no  difference in the progress of Western painting.It is simply that Sienese painting forms, as it were, an island.’ The peak of Renaissance Art is apparent in the works of masters such as Leonardo, Michelangelo and Raphael. Duccio di Buoninsegna is often referred to as the Italian precursor to this Renaissance style. Born in Siena round 1255 Duccio was the founder of the Sienese school of painting. All of his work is religious and characterized by skillful composition, a decorative quality similar to mosaic work and most importantly bearing a much more emotional tone than that of the traditional Byzantine model. As one of the most important painters of the early 14th century, Duccio introduced a dynamic move away from the Byzantine style into early Italian Renaissance painting. Duccio was known for dynamic new altarpiece designs, a striking use of landscape and colour, and unusual expressive relationships between the figures in his paintings. Duccio painted many pictures for the city of Sienna and one for the church of Santa Trinita in Florence. He also executed various works for a number of churches in Pisa, Lucca and Pistorla. These provided him with great renown and made him a considerably wealthy man. The first work ascribed to Duccio is the Madonna with the Three Franciscans. Despite its damaged condition today it still demonstrates all the traditional features of the Byzantine period, but there is a definite softness and more defined features in the gestures of the Mother and Child. The Madonna Enthroned (Rucellai Madonna) On first glance epitomizes many aspects of Byzantine painting, but on closer investigation the three dimensional qualities not found in iconography are very evident. The faces possess contours, shadow and light and a hint of personality. In particular Mary’s hand is more natural looking and the two pairs of bare feet on the right and left sides are also fleshed out and real looking. They do not sport the same sized shoes. These subtleties and more naturalistic, fluid lines are what provide the evidence to support Duccio’s work to be categorised in terms of a painter functioning within a style that incorporates the features of both Byzantine and Renaissance characteristics. This paper will present an overview of the discussions that seek to demonstrate this argument by way of illustration using four of his most significant works Madonna of the Franciscans, The Rucellai Madonna and the later Madonna and Child and Maestà  . The Literature Review following on from this Introduction presents an overall and comprehensive approach to the way in which various publications, books, articles, journals and internet references were incorporated into this dissertation. The subsequent chapters detail the main body of the text whilst demonstrating the findings and conclusions determined from the research, together with a complete Bibliography of the references employed. Literature Review In response to the challenges of researching and presenting aspects of Duccio’s work there was a need to adopt a number of methods and approaches to this study. He is not featured amongst the most popular of artists and although he receives a following of academics and interested students Duccio does not necessarily receive the deserved recognition for his inspirational insight and wealth of artistic material generated over a small space of time. Despite Duccio Buooninsegna not being the most well known of artists certain information is not limited due to the fact that for some reason Duccio was a well documented character during his lifetime. Biographical text books relating specifically to the painter and his working life include the highly informative Duccio (Masters of Italian Art Series) by Andrea Weber. The large, sumptuously reproduced images compensate for the minimal amount of text. it provides a synopsis of Duccios years, of which little is written about with regard to his private life. It documents his success as an artist in Siena and the various commissions he received. The book brings together the fragments of his Maesta and reconstructs it using a montage of photographs. Each piece of the painting is analysed and written about, the most famous of which is the Rucellai Madonna, now residing in the Uffizi Gallery in Florence and is also explored in more depth in this research. This is a favourable book for those people who like iconic art and the work of early Italian masters. Duccio Di Buoninsegna by Cecilia Jannella is a good user friendly paperback reference book.with over 100 color reproductions. It makes reference to the man in relation to documentation that exists regarding his financial affairs and his spontaneous spending sprees. It presumes that he was born between 1255 and 1260, and died in late 1318 or in the early part of 1319. It is well written and extensively researched A reasonable potted source of chronological information also exists online. The Art encyclopedia website accessed from http://www.artcyclopedia.com/artists provides other useful links to art galleries and different reference sites specific to Duccio. Sourcing texts that refer specifically to his work also exist. The most useful and comprehensive being Duccio: The Maesta By Luciano Bellosi. This book combines all the elements of this famous altar piece using a series of glossy colour plates that enlarge details to actual size. We see that the central panel depicts the Madonna enthroned surrounded by saints and angels, with the back showing scenes relating to the Passion. Other panels from the Maesta portray the Apostles and the Gospel story The informative text, by a well respected Italian art historian, discusses the social and historical context of Duccios commission, as well as the artists well versed relationship with his cotemporary’s Cimabue and Giotto, and the influence of their work on Sienese and Italian painting. In order to gain an appreciation of Renaissance techniques in comparison to the Byzantine era Color and Meaning: Practice and Theory in Renaissance Painting by Marcia B. Hall is an excellent approach guiding the reader on the subject of How Renaissance painters used colour to fuse their pictures, create symbolism and achieve the emotional expressiveness so lacking in Byzantine Art. Simplistic and explanatory it focuses on 20 paintings providing an insight into Leonardos naturalistic use of shadow in the Mona Lisa and the way in which Michelangelos flesh toned hues miraculously link the figures in the Sistine Chapel. It also provides an insight into Titians penchant for bright, colours in order to achieve movement. The writer allows us to appreciate Hall the limited resources so many of these artists had to hand, which makes their work even greater in its context. This text provides a traditional analysis whilst demonstrating a deeper scientific approach from the angle of the Conserva tion laboratory. The writer provides an insightful appreciation of the type of techniques incorporated between the fourteenth and sixteenth centuries. It explains how important the use of colour, light and shade is on achieving realism through art which has helped with the overall comprehension of works that have leapt from the Byzantine tradition onwards. Other places where Duccio is referenced are by way of an abundance of anthologies. In particular Artists of the Middle Ages By Leslie Ross. The identity of artists is examined in the context of their relationship to some of the most influential works of Art in Medieval history. However as with most books on this subject the artists themselves lose a great deal in translation, as so little information exists regarding their lives. Ross investigates the Medieval Art world in terms of architecture, iconography, metalwork, and sculpture, whilst summarizing the lives and work of these leading artists. What is gained from reading this book is a factual idea of how an artist’s life is led, combined with a useful list of reference material as to how the work was collated. Readers are also provided with an insight into the practices and traditions of medieval art and the role those traditions played in medieval society. A helpful timeline and full index gives scholars or interested students of Art History a breakdown of the research tools that are necessary for finding more information in this field. In terms of a definitive study providing a critical analysis that connects and provides evidence for Duccio to be heralded as a founding father of Renaissance art, no specific text appears to exist, although many hint to this relationship and subtlety found throughout his work. A re-examination of long established beliefs about the early renaissance painters can be found in Painting in the Age of Giotto: A Historical Re-Evaluation By Hayden B. J. Maginnis, Andrew Ladis The study is the first to discuss the theories and observations of the sixteenth century art historian Giorgio Vasari in any detail. The writers argue the origins of modern views regarding the period and the ongoing critical strategies and conventions that exist in contrast to historical reality. In an investigation of the new art of the fourteenth century, Maginnis puts forward the argument that not only was the visual concept of naturalism remarkably short-lived but that that its main pioneers were the painters of Siena and not the painters of Florence. In particular the detailed analysis of Giotto the Florentine painter and architect’s work demonstrates that his art belonged to a different kind of trend. Through a re-examination of the historical and art-historical evidence related to painting immediately after the plague of 1348 the writers determine the existence of a new interpretation of painting by the mid-century. Iconography, Byzantine and religious art prior to the Renaissance are discussed in detail in Hans Belting, Edmund Jephcott’s Likeness and Presence: A History of the Image Before the Era of Art. This book provides an overview of the concept of Byzantine Art and its true definition. That Byzantine Art was not necessarily an art form, but much more to do with worship and the recognition of all that is Holy. Hans Belting traces the long history of the sacral image and its changing role in European culture; combined with the beliefs, superstitions and hopes, that exist in relation to people’s response and understanding of sacred images. It is an interesting source of facts relating to European Christians and their churches. Not so relevant to the immediate content of this research, yet providing significant background to appreciating a better understanding of Byzantine Art. There is a chapter on Early Renaissance in Horst Janson and Anthony Janson’s History of Art. And an overview of Duccio from the perspective of evidence that supports his early Renassance tendencies. Janson writes ‘In Duccio’s hands the Greek manner has become unfrozen. The rigid, angular draperies have given way to an undulating softness†¦The bodies, faces and hands are beginning to swell with three dimensional life.’ This is a well established classic hand book of Art History with Extensive captions provided by twentieth-century art historians speaking about specific pieces of art featured throughout. Janson has also rearranged early Renaissance art according to genre rather than in terms of any specific time sequence. Ultimately this paper is too trying to demonstrate a grounded positioning of the work of Duccio for inclusion within the Early Renaissance which does not necessarily need to be defined in terms of geographical location or specific timeframe. Sienese Painting: From Duccio to the Birth of the Baroque by Giulietta Chelazzi Dini is a volume tracing the correlation between the Sienese painters namely Duccio di Buoninsegna, Simone Martini, and the Lorenzetti brothers and the dawn of Renaissance painting. It also extends to include painters right up until 1700 and charts the success of lesser known artists such as Rutilio Manetti, whose style changed radically when exposed to the work of Caravaggio. The last chapters focus on Baroque paintings but the focus for the narrative is principally early Sienese masters. It documents the struggle towards naturalism. It is organized chronologically, with well documented texts on each period and work. Additional reading from a chronological perspective includes Duccio di Buoninsegna by Curt H. Weigelt which is an early novel and the first attested biography of the painter written in German in 1911, R.S. Van Marle, The Development of the Italian Schools of Painting, vol. 2 published in 1924. This contains a chapter on Duccio published in English but providing little scope for original ideas. Duccio di Buoninsegna (1961) is an interpretation, in Italian, of the work of Duccio and boasts a number of colour reproductions of his established works Duccio (1951) by Brandi, is an Italian language text that comprehensively researches the works of Duccio from the perspective of more modern consideration. Later works in English include John White, Duccio: Tuscan Art and the Medieval Workshop (1979); James H. Stubblebine, Duccio di Buoninsegna and His School (1979); Cecilia Jannella, Duccio di Buoninsegna (1991), with many colour illustrations of his work; Andrea Weber, Duccio di Buoninsegna, About 1255–1319 (1997). The Documents and Early Sources (2000), ed. by Hayden B.J. Maginnis is one of the most modern approaches to Duccio’s work. It offers a series of research tools with which to take further research forward. Chapter One: Madonna of the Franciscans and The Rucellai Madonna Madonna of the Franciscans is a small Tempera on wood, Tempera being a technique using powdered pigments mixed with egg yolk and water. It is chronologically the first work ascribed to Duccio in the Academy of Siena. Despite its damaged condition it shows many of the traditional features of the Byzantine era , but the formal stiffness of the ancient Hodegetria (Greek iconography) type has been softened to produce the effect of a more kindly and human depiction. Yet the composition is still dignified apparent though the gestures of Mother and Child toward the kneeling figures. The overall design has been softened with its characters flowing and lucid. The picture portrays the enthroned Madonna of the protective mantle. A type derived from Byzantine Art. The three Franciscans kneeling at the virgin’s feet demonstrate imploring gestures and intense emotional expressions. This is a cult Byzantine image, yet one that relays far more expression than typical to the style. Particularly as her head is looking out of the picture at the viewer. Her head remains the central focal point of the composition, whilst at the same time maintaining a calm, concentrated devotion. The style of artistic representation captivates the audience and pulls the viewer into its world. There are fine undulating gold lines at the hem of the Madonna’s mantle, which is traditional to that applied to old early paintings. But as a rule Duccio always refrained from covering garments entirely in gold. By painting the hems and seams only in gold this makes elements of the painting stand out further and encourages an appearance of sumptuousness. In Duccio’s time the colour that most represented glamour was the blue which was obtained from the semi-precious stone Lapis Lazuli. This was far more expensive than gold and used frequently in painting to highlight the rich ornate quality of the work. So by avoiding its use Duccio is in fact contradicting his images. Making them at once more emphasized and yet down playing them at the same time. And is in direct contrast to the Byzantine opulent representations Duccio responds again to the contemporary desire for the modernisation of Art by adapting to the French artistic model in this painting with the inclusion of French gothic motifs in their pure form on individual standing figures. This blatant clear French derivation and the measured breadth of contour, the curving of the robes hem and the smooth masses of colour make up part of a wider spatial dimension. Here the Gothic preference for linearity and flowing lines reaches its climax. This consequently encourages a pervading sense of animation and movement through expression. Duccio’s Madonna of the Franciscans echoes the compositions developed in Armenia and Cyprus amongst Crusader artists. It can also be identified in terms of its unique composition to being an early precursor of the Renaissance master Piero della Francesca’s triptych depicting the Madonna della Misericordia.  Where the virgin is drawn holding back the edge of her robe the better to receive and protect the three kneeling friars. The elaborate combination of echoes from the Italian mosaic painter and Duccio’s Florentine contemporary Cimabue alongside the added softness of Duccios own unique personal touch, inspires elements of the new artistic language of the Renaissance. The features of the beseeching friars and the throne which represents a simple wooden seat placed at an angle to create an effect of perspective, reflects the teaching of Cimabue, who tutored the controversial artists Giotto. Controversial in terms of his professional association with Duccio and the centuries of scholarly rivalry which has evolved in relation to authenticating their works. The unusual posture of the Childs legs is again out of context and repeats the gestures of his early Madonna of Buonconvento and the Rucellai Madonna.   When trying to understand Duccio’s style better his Madonna Enthroned, also known as the Rucellai Madonna is one of the best examples. The Rucellai Madonna was commissioned on April 15, 1285, by the Confraternity of the Laudesi of S. Maria Novella in Florence. This contract was discovered in the 18th century and led to the correction of the early biographer Giorgio Vasari’s attribution of the Rucellai Madonna to that of Cimabue. Nonetheless the proven documentary evidence and the obvious difference in style between the Rucellai Madonna and Cimabue’s other paintings still lead some academics to legitimise the painting as being that of Cimabue’s. There are also others who are reluctant to think either responsible due to the distinctive style and attribute the work to an unknown third artist the general consensus is that the painting belongs to Duccio. There is nothing in the style of the Rucellai Madonna that makes its attribution to Duccio implausible. This fact plus the documentation relating to the contract of 1285 certainly makes such an attribution acceptable. In stylistic terms, the Rucellai Madonna remains fundamentally Byzantine in many ways. But demonstrates a use of colour uncommon in the late 13th century. For example the dress of the six angels illustrates an abandonment of symmetry and reveals both the deep colors of the more traditional Byzantine period teamed with pastel silvery lilacs, pinks, and light blues, giving the painting a softer and decorative appearance. This decorativeness is exaggerated by the fluid gold lines that trace the hem and opening of the Virgin’s mantle. The Rucellai Madonna is so refined that it excels as an example of more advanced artistic thought. Delicate hues make up the formation of the throne and the shimmering cloth of honor behind the virgin. The gold hem of the